Vodafone Marketing Analysis

Vodafone Marketing Analysis Marketing, as a discipline, has travelled a long distance in the last four decades. It is a trade of linking the producers of goods with the existing and potential customers. The changes in the consumer behavior, market place, channels of distribution, the merchandizing, display and almost anything have been tremendous in the past few decades. The demand for more sophisticated products has come out almost in every field. Products have today very close similarities. The research has created nearly the same kind of services and customer aids. Today marketers are faced with tough decisions. One wrong decision or delayed decision can completely put business back and give competitors edge over the market place, which in itself is a tough situation to face. Marketing deals with two things 1st identifying human and social needs and 2ndly fulfill them; we can say its Meeting needs profitably (Philip Kotler, 2008) Marketing deals with four things Right product, at right place, at right time and at right price. (Adcock, 2004) Marketing task is to manage demand, just as production and logistics professional are responsible for supply management. For management of demand, Marketing involves comprehensive understanding of product ( goods and services), experiences, events, the consumers, the places, information, Ideas, properties and even its own organization to be able to answer what is right, for whom, where, when and how? .(Adcock,2004) Strategy: Strategy is long term planning to achieve the goal and objectives of any organisation by utilization the different resources in the different environment to fulfil the market need and stakeholder satisfaction. Vodafones strategy: Vodafones strategy is that to give satisfaction to the customer by the utilization of advanced technology and product led to the its purpose the company is continually developing new products. Marketing strategy: Marketing strategy plays a vital role in the development of corporate strategy which has directly concerned to fulfil customers demand and wants and efficiently meeting their requirements. Marketing strategy is also help full in the development of business. Vodafones marketing strategy: Vodafones marketing objective in the UK is to keep market leadership on revenue per customer, network quality and customer satisfaction. Vodafones strategy is customer focused and product led for this purpose the company is continually developing new products and services which utilize the advance technologies. For example, young people think hard about which mobile phone to buy for this purpose they go wide range search for only best services with best value of money. It is very difficult to sell them. In order to keep market leadership, Vodafone has established a set of marketing objectives. Keep the existing customers. Increase infiltration of new data service (i.e. Vodafone live!) Introduce new technologies and best services (e.g. Vodafone live! and mobile internet) Continue to expand the Vodafone brand Attain new customers. Vodafone is achieving these objectives by continually updating the variety of phones and services offered to keep ahead of its competitors. Also, Vodafones distinctive How are you? live! advertising is helping to improve the brand image and saliency to all mobile users. Vodafones at micro and macro level: Vodafone is the one of the leader in the international mobile communication market with over 200 million customers all over the worldwide 25 different countries. To fulfil the requirements of the stakeholders, Vodafones invents brands and products by using the different technologies in the tough competition of the modern market. In 2005, in Kenya, Vodafones did partnership with the safaricom which is the local telecommunication of the Kenya. Vodafone also did partnership with the UK Department of international development and commercial bank of Africa by providing local banking service. In start Vodafone feels that it is not about the new technology, it was about the new application of existing technology. At the first task, Vodafone won  £1m from the financial deepening challenging fund. There are different services available to M-PESA like making loan repayments, making payments from authorised agent and also cash withdrawal as well. Growth of telecommunication brings positive benefit for wider economy development. It increases efficiency of trade at micro level, specifically in the rural areas. More stable economy is helpful to bring benefits for long term business of Vodafone. Methods of marketing research: Quantitative marketing research: Quantitative method usually based on sampling. That sample data is estimated level of accuracy, population or universe which they are drawn. It is classified in the three groups: Market measurements Customer files or segmentation Attitudinal data Qualitative market research: Qualitative market research is classified in the following group: Observation Focus group Depth interviewing Projective interviewing techniques Customer complaints departments: For the effective marketing strategy organization has to give focus on the complaints departments which are more helpful to improve the business. Through this organization also came to know either we are following the right marketing strategy. Customer hotline: Customer hotlines means through using the internet and telephone. On the organisation specific website customer can give feedback, do complaints and many other option are there. This also a best way to know about the condition of the effective marketing strategy. SWOT analysis of Vodafone: Swot analysis shows about the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. through this analysis company came to know about the condition of company. Company can cover their threats by using the opportunities and also threats. (S)trengths: Vodafone have strong diversification according to the location. It is well known organisation in the middle east, Europe, Africa and many other countries as well. this is strong telecommunication company which has cross the boundaries. Vodafone has well developed networking system which construed by modern technology. Vodafone is also emerging in different countries like. (W)eakness: Vodafone have very low return on the assets which includes BT group. AAT group and many other assets as well. In the US business cannot run properly like this. This is not strong enough. More than 80 percent of the business is running in the Europe. There is also weakness that there is no network coverage in the rural areas. (O)pportunities: Vodafone have opportunities of cost reduction scheme. Vodafone is trying to get return on the assets. Vodafone is the largest revenue company in the Europe. Vodafone has opportunities to use new modern technology. There is also development in the research and development method as well. Vodafone have also chance of reasonable tariff service with the iPhones. Vodafone have also best any time service for the customer. (T)hreats: Vodafone have highly marking competition in the market. Vodafone have many competitors in the market which is the great threat for Vodafone. In Europe, There is competition of prices as well. There is high rate of penetration of prices in the market. PORTFOLIO is the Collection of Products, Services, or Brands that are offered for sale by a company. PORTFOLIO MODEL  means a companys strategy for allocating different organization resources between various units of business. Product portfolio is the best example of portfolio model. In building up a product portfolio model a company can use different analytical methods and techniques including. B.C.G. Boston Consulting Group-Analysis Contribution Margin Analysis GE General Electric. Multi Factorial Analysis B.C.G. Analysis is a 1st method used in Brand marketing, Product management and Strategic management to help a company decide what products to add to its product portfolio. Products rating includes in it according to their relative Market Share and Market Growth rate. The products are then planed on a two dimensional map. Cash cows: Cash cows are market leader which shows that high market growth and high market shares. They get more return on the assets. They help to cover administrative cost, funds, corporate debts and also many other things as well. Starts: Star has high growth of market shares and high generation of cash. They are directly related to the market. if stars maintain their reputation means keep maintain their situation then they can turn into the cash cows. Dogs: Dog includes low market share and low market growth. They cannot generate cash and cannot consume cash. Dogs dont have enough potential to generate any cash. Question marks: Question marks include low market share so they consume low cash. A question mark is known as problem child. If a question mark does not successful to become a leader then it will turn into the cash cow. BCG matrix shows Vodafone condition in the market either it falls in the cash cows, dogs, stars or in question mark. Vodafone have market shares but it have aloe of competitors in the market. BCG Matrix BCG Matrix with Cash Flows G.E. Multi Factorial Analysis is 2nd method or technique used in brand marketing and product management to help an organization what types of product(s) to add to its product portfolio. One dimension includes nine industry attractiveness measures and other comprises includes twelve internal business strength measures. Contribution Margin Analysis is a 3rd method or technique used in brand marketing and product management to help an organization what types of product(s) to add to its product portfolio. Calculations includes additional revenues, additional costs, effects on other products in the portfolio (referred to as cannibalization), and competitors reactions. Marketing Strategic alternatives: Vodafone is one of famous organization and big telecommunication company in the UK. There are three major group to which Vodafone provide the services that are private individual, small and large business and the organization. Vodafones strategy is to become a leader in the market. Vodafone take care of the customers needs, demand and want. Customer demands new up to date products and seek added value new packages with the modern technology. Marketing mix: A long term planning is helpful to make effective strategy which will take towards the successful marketing strategy. Marketing mix includes four Ps. Product Price Place Promotion Product: a product provide different facilities like to chat with others, play games, exchange ring tomes, sending and receiving pictures, capturing pictures and making video call, send up to date news about weather and news as well and there are many other services as well. Vodafone give live information the every move and up to date service as well. Price: Vodafone wants to extend their business as much as they can to the youngsters, mature persons, executives, professional people and to also to the senior citizen. Vodafones have different price package which is suitable to the every age group of customers and these different packages are added value which fulfill the requirement of the customers. Vodafone is offering monthly price plan package and also pay as you go package. Vodafone has provided online top up facility as well. Vodafone also giving NECTER benefiting by using the text messages, sending picture and many other things as well. Place: There are more than three hundred stores in the UK which is beneficial for the customer for the easy accessibility. Vodafone also sell their mobile phones and also independent to the other retailers like car phone ware house. Customer can come to the stores and check out their favorite mobiles and deals which is reasonable for them. Due to easy accessibility, customers are able to see and handle the products as they are purchasing the different products. In the different stores, there are well experienced customer service representatives are required which explained each and every thing to the customers and also give information about the coming new mobiles and the new packages. Through this way customer can be satisfy. Promotion: Vodafone have connection and communication with the famous icons like David Becham which increase its value. Best ways of promotions which is adopted by the Vodafone is adverting on TV, billboards, magazines, media out lets and also on the internet which has helped effectively and promoted Vodafone successfully. This is known as above the line promotion. Below the line promotion is to offer different package which do promotion of the company and also increase the annually sales of the company by using the attracting sales posters inside the stores to buy. In the marketing mix, promotions include Vodafones stores, staff and its different offer which increase its brand image. Vodafones also have good public relationship in the U.K by using the press release and up to dated articles and by using new source or media. Marketing mix of the Vodafone is the best way to explain about the different price offers which are reasonable foe every one. Promotion of the Vodafone Company gives shape a successful strategy. Different products of the Vodafone are reliable because of their quality and brands. Vodafone stores are located on those place which customers can access easily at the time of need. Climate change of Vodafone: At global level, there are different challenges from which climate change is one of them. Vodafone is also facing the climate change. Climate has great affect on the product and service. Vodafone has made a strategy to reduce the climate affect. There are three basic points of the strategy. One is minimizing the climate affect, Vodafone is delivery thy products to the consumers and businesses. Second is that Vodafone is trying to minimize the emission from the operations. Third is providing new technology to control the emission. What is change management? Change management is accept, control and manage the situation in the organisation and need to bring change in the organisation has effective management is called change management. Different analysis has to do to see the change and managed by well planned strategy. If any organisation has needed to do change then different valid models are made for effective management of change. Some proactive techniques are used to bring and adjust the change in the external and internal performance of the organisation. There is making some effective strategy to plan step by step change. Change management also keep in eye current and modern issues which can affect the change process. There are some solid reasons when change is required. Change management should have up to date knowledge about the of situation surrounding issues. Change process: There are many reasons due to change is done. That reason can be internally and can be internally. Change process means journey of source of change to the adopting the change is change process. Why change has done? Which type of changes has done either it is cultural, organisational behaviour, organisation policies. These changes can be related to different department of organisation and every department is related to change process and change process is related to the organisation strategies. Marketing environment and implementations: For the marketing environment of the Vodafone firstly there should be PESTEL analysis of the Vodafone which will about the environment of the company. At politically level, Vodafone has support and also developed in marketing level as well. At the economical level, Vodafone has extended its business. That has positive effect on the economical level. It has reasonable packages for calls, texts and internet as well. At the social level, Vodafone have positive response from the people and stakeholder. It saves the time and also it has cover the distance between the people and places. Vodafone have partnership with different companies and have new technology system for the development of network system. Vodafone has legal rights as well. Vodafone is working according to the legal rules and regulations. After the PESTEL analysis, we can examine marketing environment of the Vodafone. There is positive response from the stakeholder but Vodafone did many changes in the strategy of the marketing. For the changing, there is a process and some point which is kept in mind. For changing in the strategy of marking, there will keep on eye on the financial condition of the Vodafone, response of the staff because some time they show negative response and not happy with the changes, there is also some staff issues as well like it become difficult to adjust with the new marketing system, Vodafone also has to do media analysis which new source of media is going on and customers can be attract to the which source or media that can be a TV advertisement, magazine outlets and many other sources as well. After analysis all these points, we can plan a marketing strategy which will be helpful in the development of business and also in extension as well. Vodafone is well known telecommunication company in the worldwide. so, planning the and implementation of the strategy should be careful and keep in mind all the aspects as well. Conclusion: Vodafone is the successful telecommunication company which has developed networking system. In every company, have different department and have different responsibility. Vodafone also have different department from which marketing is one of them. Marketing is the main department of any organization. There is properly a strategy is constructed. Before doing anything there is need of making strategy. So there is also specific strategy of Vodafone as well which explains about the customer care and reasonable prices to customer as well. There is also examine of Vodafone at micro and macro level which explains about the importance if Vodafone at global and local. Next section is about the SWOT analysis of the Vodafone which explains about the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the Vodafone. SWOT analysis is the best way to know about internal condition of any organization. After that, there is Boston Consultancy Group Matrix which explains about the Vodafones market growth rate and market share rate. Marketing mix is the important part of the marketing strategy which includes 4 ps which are price, product, promotion and place. Marketing mix is the best way to know about the competitors and where company is standing. It also helps to be market leaders. Vodafone has climate affect on the company. For controlling this Vodafone is taking help of new technology. At the end , Vodafone is successful organization in the world.

Mango Street Essay Essay

Throughout history, women have been seen as inferior to men. In the novel, The House On Mango Street, the main character, Esperanza sees many examples of women who are treated lower by their husbands. These women are imprisoned in their own homes on Mango Street. The author, Sandra Cisneros uses the motif of Imprisoned Females to show that women have been seen as inferior to men. There were many chapters in the novel in which women were seen as inferior to men. On page 79 in the novel, Rafael gets locked indoors because her husband is afraid Rafaela will run away since she is too beautiful to look at. Rafael is just one of the many victims of Imprisoned Females on Mango Street. She is scared to leave because she thinks her husband will do something, he doesn’t want other man to take her away from him. Esperazana could also been considered a â€Å"Imprisoned Female. All she wants to do is live in a house she can call her own and be free but she is stuck on Mango Street where she meets all these other women who are stuck like her and she thinks she will never get out. Men treat women like they are nothing. Why? Because they are scared. Scared that women will leave them for someone better. Scared that women will tell someone of all the awful things they have done to them. Scared that women will finally tell the truth.

Comparative Analysis a Few Good Men Essay - 1591 Words

Comparative Analysis: A Few Good Men â€Å"You dont need a patch on your arm to have honor.† Lt. Daniel Kaffee, portrayed by Tom Cruise, says at the end of the movie to Lance Cpl. Dawson after the final ruling is read, stating PFC. Downy and Lance Cpl. Dawson are innocent but are dishonorably discharged from the military. A Few Good Men portrays the negative impact on military personally from strict obedience. Lt. Daniel Kaffee, along with Lt. Cdr. JoAnne Galloway and Lt. Sam Weinberg; played by Demi Moore and Kevin Pollack, must defend PFC. Downy and Lance Cpl. Dawson from being charge of committing a Code Red. However, Lt. Kaffee believes that PFC. Downy and Lance Cpl. Dawson committed the ‘Code Red’, but because it was a direct order†¦show more content†¦However, the ‘teachers’ did not know that the ‘student’ was not receiving and shocks but merely acting. (Milgram 358-270) In the Zimbardo’s The Stanford Prison Experiment; however, the ‘guards’ and ‘prisoners’ were placed in the same facility and were face to face on a daily basis unlike the Milgram experiment. The ‘guards’ would tell the ‘prisoners’ jokingly to do something, however the ‘prisoners’ would do what they were commanded to do to try to hang on to their identity. (Zimbardo 393) By the end of the experiment most ‘prisoners’ showed increased stress levels in the ‘prisoners’ within days, some ‘prisoners’ could not handle the stress induced and had to be released early. The ‘guards’ were equally changed do to the scenario they were put in. One journal of the ‘guards’ showed how a passive person became a person shoving food down another person’s mouth and locking them up in solitary confinement (Zimbardo 389-399). The role of obedience is extremely prevalent in the movie A Few Good Men, such as it was demonstrated in The Perils of Obedience and The Stanford Prison Experiment. In the move a Few Good Men the theme of obedience is prevalent and most commonly repeated in the movie. This movie was released in December 11, 1992 and directed by Rob Reiner, and also staring Jack Nicholson, Demi Moore, Tom Cruise, Kevin Bacon, and Kevin Pollack. Lt. DanielShow MoreRelatedEssay on Comparative Analysis of A Few Good Men1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe motion picture A Few Good Men challenges the question of why Marines obey their superiors’ orders without hesitation. The film illustrates a story about two Marines, Lance Corporal Harold W. Dawson and Private First Class Louden Downey charged for the murder of Private First Class William T. Santiago. Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee, who is known to be lackadaisical and originally considers offering a plea bargain in order to curtail Dawson’s and Downe y’s sentence, finds himself fighting for the freedomRead MoreSteinhouse Knitting Mills1083 Words   |  5 Pages1988 , sales had been declining steadily. Evidence: 1988 sales-$ 7.5million; 1993-$3.5 million; 1998-$2.7million. Situation Analysis A Environment 1.Low-wage developing countries with an abundant supply of labour provide tough competition to Canada. 2Growing popularity of the ‘ big and tall size’. 3 Trend to ‘dressing down’ or ‘ casual days’ 4 The weather over last few years has hurt business.( Winters were warm) 5 Fashion business usually changes fast. 6 The low value of Canadian dollar relativeRead MoreMarketing Analysis : The Cotton On The Largest Clothing Group Of Australia And New Zealand Essay1418 Words   |  6 PagesCotton On’s product offering includes women’s wear, menswear and accessories as well as elevated apparel range CO by itself. (cottononfoundation, 2015) Part A Product Portfolio Analysis: Product portfolio is a study of a particular product by which a company see its market performance. This management involves an analysis of consumer behaviour to determine how to expand with new products and how you can improve profitability by removing products with low performance or losing money. To manage theRead MoreComparable Worth714 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction: The debate in this study is that of whether or not to use comparable worth as the basis for future pay adjustments. Comparable worth, as defined by Merriam-Webster, is the concept that women and men should receive equal pay for jobs calling for comparable skill and responsibility or that is of comparable worth to the employer. To further expand on this, the term comparable worth describes the idea that gender biased jobs should be reanalyzed to determine their worth to an employerRead MoreCritical Analysis of Plato and Aristotle1634 Words   |  7 PagesA TERM PAPER ON POL 311 (HISTORY OF POLITICAL THOUGHT) TOPIC A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLES POLITICAL THOUGHT WRITTEN BY OKWOR, STEPHEN USHIE 09/ED/EF/814 DEPT OF EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS (POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT) FACULTY OF EDUCATION SUBMITTED TO DR. EJERE DEPT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF UYO, UYO AKWA IBOM STATE MAY, 2012 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLES POLITICAL THOUGHT In order to compare these greatRead MoreThe Perils Of Obedience By Milgram And The Stanford Prison Experiment1207 Words   |  5 Pagesat prisoners was commonplace, compelling many prisoners to appear insane. The driving force for immoral obedience is contributed to several factors: As seen in the film A Few Good Men by director Rob Reiner, when obedience causing harm undergoes interrogation, these factors attempt to find who or what to blame. In A Few Good Men, Lance Cpl. Harold Dawson and Pfc. Louden Downey commit a Code Red: an act of realigning an out-of-line marine. Subsequently, the implicit command results in the accidentalRead MoreFactors Promoting Higher Divorce Rates Essay1062 Words   |  5 Pagestoday’s marries, sooner or later, will separate. And it also portends, that if we do not make radical changes to our behavior, in less than another 100 years we will certainly have a once a year Wed-day or perhaps a National Wed-Holiday day-off. By then few people will wed and none will walk down the actual aisle. One fact liable for the radical rise in divorce rate is the selfishness of today’s couples. The newest generations do not profess the: if I make you happy, in return you may make me happy,Read MoreMarketing Analysis : Products And Services1616 Words   |  7 PagesRun’s family in 2011. The company launched its unique custom-made running shoes service in 2012 and customers could personalize the colors or even knit theirs name on the shoes. In future, Easy Run plans to offer sports apparels and equipment. The comparative advantages of Easy Run originated in its continuous investment in Research Development, customer satisfaction and American manufacturing. The company’s research work focuses on the study of human movements and responses to the environment, empoweringRead MoreThe Theological Plain Of Christianity1017 Words   |  5 Pageswhat Christ accomplished on the cross that makes salvation possible. The summation of these will direct the course to what the extent of the atonement asserts, perhaps the major crux or delineation within the Protestant church. Indeed, [t]here are few doctrines which have received such a wide and variegated interpretation as the extent of the atonement, to the point that it becomes so burdened with abstruse terminology that it can be utterly unintelligible, even to those who ostensibly promulgateRead MoreFeminism : A Feminist Perspective1505 Words   |  7 Pageswith men and a high valuation of women as equal human beings both theoretically a nd practically. Feminism is both a way of thinking about the world and a way of acting in it ( Diana 58). Feminism in Politics History has proven that women were not involved in any way in the making or conduction of any politically based decisions or action. More recently, there is a change in this perspective. Currently, the society accepts women in decision making and an incorporation of women in the analysis of government

Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, And B. F. Skinner - 1272 Words

Learning Theories are one of the largest branches of modern psychology, branching mainly from the theory presented by Ivan Pavlov in the early twentieth century. Learning, as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is described as the modification of a behavioral tendency by experience. In psychology terms, learning is often known as a lasting change in behavior as a result of experience. The psychology behind learning became more and more of a focus in the early 1900’s as behaviorism (the theory that human, and animal, behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning) rose to fame upon the release of an article written by John Watson. From then on, more and more learning theories were released. These theories were attempts to†¦show more content†¦He began to study this further, and would pair the meat powder with various stimuli. After the dogs were presented with this stimuli, like a bell, and the meat powder multiple times, they would salivate just to the soun d of the bell even if the powder wasn’t presented. Pavlov then went on to demonstrate these ‘stimulus-response’ bonds, which many consider the basic building blocks of learning. He then spent much of the rest of his career devoted to researching further into this finding. Pavlov called this classical conditioning, which is more modernly defined as a basic form of learning where one stimulus or event predicts the occurrence of another stimulus or response. This theory can also be known as Pavlovian conditioning. In every form of classical conditioning, there some form of stimulus and a response. The main four are UCS, UCR, CS, and CR. The UCS is known as the unconditioned stimulus, the UCR is the unconditioned response, the CS is known as the conditioned stimulus, and the CR is the conditioned response. In this study, the UCS was the food powder, while the UCR was the salivation. After conditioning took place, he CS became the bell, and the CR was the salivation. B.F. Skinner and John Watson both branched off of this, shaping their own theories. Watson theorized that classical conditioning could be applied to all aspects of psychology, saying that everything from speech to emotion followed the stimulus/response pattern. OneShow MoreRelatedLearning Theories And Their Application816 Words   |  4 PagesLearning Theories: Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism. Behaviorism Behaviorism is a theory of learning which defines that all behaviors are acquired through the interaction with the environment. As stated in the writings of John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, and others, behavior can be studied through careful observation, irrespective of the internal mental states. Behaviorists believe that with right conditioning, any person could be trained to perform any task. There are two main typesRead MoreBehaviorism or Black Box Psychology Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pageshave a stronger scientific footing (Lilienfeld, Lynn, Namy, Woolf). The major behaviorists are Watson and Skinner. Pavlov also had a major impact on this particular branch of psychology. I will discuss a little about each of their major experiments and the contributions they made to the field of psychology; as well as how they can be applied to things in everyday life. A physiologist known as Ivan Pavlov had a big impact on the field of psychology particularly, the behaviorist movement, he is knownRead MoreBehaviorism : Behaviorism And Behaviorism847 Words   |  4 PagesDictionary of Psychology, behaviorism is a theory of learning that is based upon the idea that all behaviors are obtained from outside observations and not in thoughts or feelings. In the twentieth century, three significant behaviorists John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner determined that behaviorism is the study of observable behavior, as opposed to internal events such as emotions and cogitation (Moore). Although the three behaviorists encounter their theories of behaviorism differently, their ideasRead MoreBehaviorism Views On Human Behavior1030 Words   |  5 Pagesthemanagement of more severe mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Early Theorists: Pavlov (1849-1936) Ivan P. Pavlov is Russia s most famous scientist. He first won greatdistinction for his research on the physiology of th digestive system. Pavlovencountered a methodological problem that was ultimately to prove moreimportant and more interesting than his physiological research. He haddiscovered conditioning. For Pavlov, all behavior was reflexive. But how do such behaviors differfrom the behaviorRead MoreBehaviourism: History, Principles Contributions1195 Words   |  5 PagesContributions Abstract Behaviourism focuses its perspective on the external environment as being the stimuli for behaviour instead of internal events such as consciousness. John B. Watson is often noted as the father of behaviourism, though its theories were being studied years before hand. A talk by Watson on his manifesto in 1913 was said to be the formal founding of behaviourism where he described the principles of behaviourism and dismissed other notions. Though behaviourism did notRead MoreThe Theory of Operant Conditioning1136 Words   |  5 Pages The Theory of Operant Conditioning PSY390 October 6, 2014 Introduction The study of human behavior by psychologists such as B.F. Skinner, Edward Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov, and Watson is fascinating. These five psychologists each have different theories on human behavior. There are similarities and differences in each of the theories. Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory, studied animals and formed the basis for behavioral psychology (Cherry, 2013). Edward Thorndike’s theory ofRead MoreBtec Unit 8,P1 Health and Social Essay1253 Words   |  6 Pagesstudying their behaviour. The Behaviourists Approach has two theories to help explain how we learn, Classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In this task I will attempt to describe and evaluate this approach. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian Physiologist. At the end of the 19th century Pavlov was conducting research into the physiology of digestion in dogs. During an experiment he discovered something very interesting about the dogs’ behaviour and started studying it. He came up with the theory of classicalRead MoreBehaviorism The Developmental Grand Theory1525 Words   |  7 PagesOut of all the theories of lifespan development, behaviorism has proven to be the most efficient explanation of how we grow and adapt with our environments. Also known as the learning theory, it was developed by John B. Watson, and with major contributions from B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov, it became the most instrumental theory of develop in education today. If used correctly in education systems, children will be able to individually be graded instead of adhering to the current system of today whereRead MoreThe Effects Of Operant Conditioning And Positive Reinforcement1332 Words   |  6 Pagespsychologists , B.F. Skinner was considered a pioneer in the development of operant conditioning and positive reinforcement. While some of his radical views, such as the illusion of free will, garnered criticism, his contributions to the field of behaviorism, most notably â€Å"The Skinner Box†, made him an influential psychologist. B. F. Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna Pennsylvania, a small railroad town where he enjoyed roaming the countryside. From a young age, Skinner demonstrated hisRead MoreClassical Conditioning and Behaviorism Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagessmoking and drinking, however they have also had their moments of darkness as well as seen in 1920 with John Watson and his little experiments that starred a young boy dubbed Little Albert. During Watson’s experiments to help explain conditioning, During his experiments Watson exposed Albert to a number of animals and recorded Albert’s initial reactions which were next to none at all. Watson then began exposing the same animals to Albert, and providing loud bangs that startled Albert at the same

Wikileaks May Have Saved Tunisia from Political Disaster

Wikileaks main goal has been finding the truth of topics wanted to be hidden to the public, and in this case their power was used to protect Tunisia. The procedure used to spread the truth may not be the most appropriate. It is the truth, and it will always be better to hear the crude reality than some beautiful lie. â€Å"The ends justify the means† –Niccolo Machiavelli. In some societies such as Tunisia, wikileaks has been so helpful that their fight has gone from virtual to physical. This is Wikileaks utopia, where a population gets together and embraces the fight against their government in order to defend their rights as a country. In Tunisia people did go out to protest and stand for their freedom of speech right, and all this began in the web. Tunisians had enough in their plate already, this was just the drop that spilled the glass. In the past weeks prior freedom of speech strikes, Tunisia was in a very bad shape. First of all food prices were going up at the same time as the unemployment rate. Past two characteristics are red flags for any government. On top of all this, corruption scandals were making the people even angrier. Officially, Tunisia’s case is the first time that wikileaks makes a population take actions in their own hands. These protests are also about the countrys utter lack of freedom of expression including when it comes to WikiLeaks. The only way that a society would achieve the status of real democracy is having freedom of

Reliability and Validity Matrix Free Essays

TEST of Reliability | Application and APPROPRIATENESS| Strengths| Weaknesses| Internal Consistency| This measure of reliability is appropriate when trying to determine the difference in reliability from shortening or lengthening a test (Cohen Swerdlik, 2010). Here I am specifically referring to the Spearman-Brown formula being used to determine internal consistency. A researcher could also use other measures of internal consistency meant for heterogeneous test items, such as Inter-item consistency. We will write a custom essay sample on Reliability and Validity Matrix or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reliability of a test increases with an increase in the number of test items. One of the strengths of the Spearman-Brown Formula is that is can determine how much more or less reliable a test is as a researcher lengthens or shortens the test. This measure can also work in reverse and tell a researcher how many items they need to add to reach a certain reliability coefficient. | The problem with the use of the Spearman-Brown formula to determine internal consistency is that it is only affective with homogenous test items, that is items that are the same difficulty and length. Also, tests of reliability are higher for whole-test vs. half-test applications of the formula, which means that lengthier tests work better with this instrument. | Split-half| The split-half form of measuring reliability entails creating two halves in the same test that can be compared in the same manner as the parallel form of reliability testing uses. This type of measurement is appropriate when using odd-even reliability or random assignment splits, but is most applicable when designing mini-parallel forms of the same test. In this instance, each half is, â€Å"†¦as nearly equal as humanly possible—in format, stylistic, statistical, and related aspects† (Cohen Swerdlik, 2010, p. 145). | The strength of this kind of measure is that it is less time-consuming and less cumbersome for test-takers than the parallel form, but is also a good measure of internal consistency. This type of measurement also help keep in check intermediary variables that might introduce error variance into the analysis, since the both parallel portions of the test are taken at once. However, there are several intermediary variables that are enhanced by this form of measuring reliability: fatigue that is felt during the second part of the test but not the first and variance in the difficulty or content of the items in the first half vs. the second half. It is also not advised to simply split a test down the middle. The different halves should have the same content and difficulty of question for the measure of reli ability to be accurate. Test/retest| This type of test is applicable when the construct being measured is relatively stable over time, but is inappropriate for constructs that are not stable over time (Cohen Swerdlik, 2010). This is because test/retest reliability is based on taking the same test, with the same people, at two different times. If the construct being measured is purported to change over time, then the scores of the test would vary because of true variance, rather than error variance—which is the basis of reliability, the latter that is. An example of this principle might be an achievement test measuring grammatical skills. If the test-taker undergoes a series of lessons on grammar between the first test and the second test, then the test will show variance, but not due to error but due to the intermediary variable of education. Test/retest reliability would be inappropriate in this situation. | The strength of this measurement of reliability are in tests that, â€Å"†¦employ outcome measures such as reaction time or perceptual judgment† (Cohen Swerdlik, 2010, p. 143). This is because these types of psychometric traits do not vary greatly over time and are not sensitive to many types of intervening variable. The weakness of test/retest reliability is, of course, that the underlying constructs being tested can change over time, and therefore lower the test/retest reliability due to true variance rather than error variance. In this case, the overall reliability of a test might be seen as lower even though the actual measurement of the construct is stable (it is just that the construct itself varies). | Parallel and alternate forms| Both parallel and alternative forms of test reliability utilize multiple instances of the same test items at two different times with the same participants (Cohen Swerdlik, 2010). These types of measures of reliability would be most appropriate with tests that measure traits that are stable over a long period of time and inappropriate when measuring finite emotional states or anxiety levels. | The strength of this measure of reliability is that it measures the core construct through several variances of the same test item. If equivalent scores are found on multiple forms of the same test item, then the reliability of the test will go up. Moreover, there are ways to perform this type of reliability analysis without having the test-taker undergo multiple examinations: internal onsistency estimate of reliability. This type of analysis would save time and money. | Designing these types of measures are time-consuming, expensive, and tiresome for the test-taker who has to take variations of the same test items over and over again. Also, these forms of testing reliability are not dependable for measuring constructs that change over time, such as anxiety levels. Anoth er weakness is that if the tests are taken some time apart, then intervening variables might have an effect on the scores, thereby increasing error variance. Test of Validity| Application and APPROPRIATENESS| Strengths| Weaknesses| Face validity| Face validity is a description of the subjective perception of the test-taker of the test’s validity (Cohen Swerdlik, 2010). This measure is not so much a quantification of the test’s actual validity, but a measure of the test-taker’s perception of the test’s validity. Face validity is most appropriate when measuring the test-takers confidence that a test measures what it purports to measure. The strength of face validity is that if the test-taker has confidence in the validity of test, then they are more likely to take the test, and further the test user is more likely to administer the test. Without face validity, the test might be perfectly valid, but it is not administered or taken properly because the user/ taker does not have confidence in the test. | The weakness of face validity is that it might not measure actual validity. A test can appear to be valid to the user/taker while also being completely invalid for the construct/time/place of the test. A good example might be the inkblot test. Psychologists that adhere to the psychodynamic perspective of psychopathology would say that the test is perfectly valid for determining personality characteristics, but the test taker might not understanding how the test applies to personality development, thereby undermining the face validity of the test. | Content validity| Measures of content validity are most useful in situations a test designer is trying to create test items that match the content of the material being tested (Cohen Swerdlik, 2010). For instance, a final course exam should test the content area that the course covered. Further, this measure might not be applicable in situations where the skills that the test designer are looking for in the applicant are not currently part of the skill-set of the already employed, such as in cases of new positions. | One of the strengths of content validity is that it can used to work backwards from job responsibilities to job applicant requirements. First, the test designer would examine veteran workers perform their job, and then design an application process that looks for these qualities in a potential employee. The items that are judge essential for the job are the ones that are most advantageous for the applicant to possess. | The downfall of content validity is that the perspective of the material being covered is culturally and chronologically subjective, meaning that the questions can have different answers in different areas of the world or at different times. Therefore, the test items must be culturally and chronologically accurate for the test-takers for content validity to be used. | Criterion related| I know this is personal opinion, but I think that criterion-related validity is the most powerful of all of the methods of verifying validity—especially concurrent validity. This type of validity is used to verify that the criterion that the test score purports to represent is actually in the sample of individuals being tested (Cohen Swerdlik, 2010). For instance, a group of people who have already been diagnosed with schizophrenia could be tested using a new instruments and if they all score high on the test for schizophrenia, then the test can be said to have acceptable validity. | One of the strengths of criterion-related validity is that it is a very powerful measure of the actual validity of a test score. This type of validity uses methods external to the test itself to verify that the test covers the subject matter and criterion that it purports to cover. This fact alone makes this measure the most objective and verifiable of the measures of validity. A weakness of content validity is that criterion contaminations can occur, which is when the same predictor measure and criterion measure are used. As an example, if the diagnosis of a mental disorder by a panel of diagnosticians is used both as the test criterion and the measure of test validity. | Construct| Construct validity is the umbrella under which all of the other sub -types of validity fall (Cohen Swerdlik, 2010). Construct validity is appropriate to use in cases where a test is trying to measure some underlying construct, such as intelligence or anxiety. I suppose this measure of validity might not be appropriate in situations where there is not one clear construct that is being measured, such as generalized achievement tests. | One of the main strengths of construct validity is that the procedures used to verify underlying constructs follow the edicts of the scientific method. A hypothesis is formulated, predicting that if someone possesses in great quantity the construct of intelligences—as verified through other measures—then they will score high on a test purporting to measure intelligence. In this way, a predictions is made based on scientific facts and then the test is used to determine if the prediction holds true. If it does not, then the test items, predictions, or underlying construct might need to be revised. | The downfall of this measure of validity is that if there is not one clear construct or if the construct is vaguely defined, then the validity of the test score is not measurable. So, the validity of the test rests on the underlying construct definition and specificity. | How to cite Reliability and Validity Matrix, Papers

Rhetorical Analysis of Ronald Reagan Inaugural Speech free essay sample

In order to analysis Ronald Reagan First Inaugural Address, summarize and analysis peech, research political context, rhetorical analysis are necessary. The Ronald Reagans first inaugural address included the countrys situation, the President Reagans plan as a regularly president address. President Reagan thanks everybody to believe his and let him to be president at first. Next he said The business of our nation goes forward (Ronald), but unfortunately the United States are confronted with an economic affliction of great proportions. (Ronald). Not only economic recession, the United States also faced financial deficit which was caused by unreasonable tax structure. He urged Americans to act in order to preserve omorroW'(Ronald). For the crisis, he address his view as government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem(Ronald). With this, the government had to change, he said he would curb the size and influence of the Federal establishment and to demand recognition of the distinction between the powers granted to the Federal Government and those reserved to the states or to the people(Ronald). Not only plans about government reformation, he also punished the solution of economic recession which was removing the roadblocks that have slowed our economy and reduced productivity (Ronald). At the part of speech, he stated the is foreign policy which was strengthen relationship with ally and never compromised to the adversaries like the Soviet Union, the president Reagan confirmed that America had won the Cold War. Learning something about the speechs society background and political background were necessary for audience to analyze the speech. This speech was the president Reagan first inaugural address on January 20,1981. This was hardest period of America after World War II, as Weidenbaum talk about the United States economic situation in Working for President Ronald Reagan, that American economy was suffering from a combination f illnesses: high inflation and low growth as well as high taxation, rising government spending, and excessive regulation(P689-690). Except the economic crisis, the America also faced the high international pressure from the Soviet Union. n the high pressure of economic and international relationship, the America political failed in tough compete. In the 1980s president campaign, the democrats president Jimmy According the Chambers Dictionary of World History, in the Iran hostage crisis, the failed of attempted helicopter rescue causing the Carter administration great olitical embarrassment which was one of major factor of president Carter defeat by Ronald Reagan(lran). The republican candidate R onald Reagan This address was very important, it was an inaugural address, and it also was incentive speech for America. As the Great Lives: A Century in Obituaries said, Domestically, Reagans two great achievements were to restore Americas pride and confidence after Vietnam, Watergate (RONALD ). The president Reagans speech was very important, because America was in an important period of Cold War, in this period which called Second Cold war after the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, and advertised communism to Afghanistan. The president Reagan had to recovery Americans pride to believe capitalism was better than communism. The president Reagan showed his plan about economics, government, and foreign policy. For the economics, as the president Reagan said Those who do work are denied a fair return for their labor by a tax system which penalizes successful achievement and keeps us from maintaining full productivity (Ronald). Focus on the unreasonable tax system, the president Reagan declared he would change it. In the 1980, he pushed the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1980 which implemented his commitment about change tax system. This policy focuses on the individual tax reduce, retirement saving incentive, personal saving incentive, reduction of the basic estate tax rate, incentives for the small business, accelerated cost recovery system, and accelerated coast recovery system(Delaney). For the government, the president Reagan suggested to limited the governments power and translated this power to the states or to the people(Ronald). In Reagans speech, he talked a lot about government, because he thought government was the root of the countrys problem (Ronald). No doubt, all his government policies were focusing on the economic recoveries, and his style of incentive economic policies was called Reaganomics. During his eight years in office the United States created roughly 17 million new Jobs, and the gross national product nearly doubled. Yet the sustained economic expansion was fuelled by more than Just tax cuts. Reagan tended to forget the $100 billion tax increase he had been obliged to endorse in 1982(Big ). The president Reagan also pushed some policy to reduce the unemployment as he said in his speech, Putting America back to work means putting all Americans back to work. Ending inflation means freeing all Americans from the terror of runaway living cost(Ronald). The president Reagans policy about unemployment really useful, according to The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History, The statistics of the Department of Labor demonstrate the impact of the striker replacement tactic: after 1981 there was a sharp drop in work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, from 235 strikes in 1979 to ninety-six in 1982, going down to forty in 1988. (STRlKES ). As for the foreign policy, the president was a believed that America would win the cold war, and America would continue the rmament race with the Soviet Union as he said in the address, When action is required to preserve our national security, we will act. We will maintain sufficient strength to prevail if need be, knowing that if we do so, we have the best chance of never having to use that strength(Ronald). In order to keep the advantage of military March 8, 1983, this program was popularly referred to as Star based on a plan to use space-based weapons to shoot down potential incoming missiles from the Soviet Union (Strategic). This program not only accelerated the nuclear race, it also accelerated the Soviet Union more collapsing. Along with the president Reagan showed his plan in the speech, the three kinds of rhetoric cross the speech which helps his speech clear, emotional, and authority. Analysis the rhetoric can help audiences more clear the speakers ideas and emotions. In the Ronald Reagans First Inaugural Address, the Ronald Reagan used the ethos in his speech. He cite the one of the greatest among the Founding Fathers, Dr. Joseph Warren, president of the Massachusetts Congresss world, Dr. Joseph Warren said to his fellow Americans, Our country is in danger, but not to be despaired of. On you depend the fortunes of America. You are to decide the important question upon which rest the happiness and the liberty of millions yet unborn. Act worthy of yourselves. W(Ronald) The president Reagan used the ethos appeal who is one of the greatest among the Founding Fathers. He wanted to let American to know they had overcome the biggest problem in the founding of the country, and now, they also could overcome the economic recession which was easier than the America founding. The president Reagan tried to tell American economic recession was not to overcome if all American unite and never gave up. Reagan also used the logos which showed his speech very ogical. In the beginning of speech, he pointed the United States faced the seriously economic problem. Next he pointed the key of the economic problem, the way to solved economic recession was government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem (Ronald). by the logos appeals, the president Reagan showed the result as economic recession was not difficult to figure it out. The reason of his speech outstanding was he really good at using the pathos in the speech which could let American felt confidences and faith for the United States. Like he said in the peech It does require, however, our best effort, and our willingness to believe in ourselves and to believe in our capacity to perform great deeds; to believe that together with Gods help we can and will resolve the problems which now confront us(Ronald). In the pathos appeals, he certified the American would overcome the problem, and welcome new day. The president Reagan presents his purpose and situation in the speech. It was clear that the president Reagan tried to persuade American to unite and overcame the economic recession. The second purpose in his speech was showed his plan while he was president. As for the situation, the president Reagan had talked the American situation in the beginning of speech, as he said These United States are confronted with an economic affliction of great proportions. We suffer from the longest and one of the worst sustained inflations in our national history. (Ronald) A good speech not only need use rhetoric, it also need put all kinds of rhetoric in a logical order. In the President Reagans first inaugural address, the logos though all the speech, a good speech should clearly showed the point and the audience easy to understand how the speaker gets the final result. Of ourse, the President Reagans speech was outstanding, because the logos appeal was used from beginning to the end. In the speech beginning, the Reagan said The business of our nation goes forward(Ronald), next he talked about the present pushed his plan about how to deal with it, his plan included tax reformation ,and changed government to efficiency, because government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem(Ronald). Next he used the pathos appeal, he said the U. S. would begin an era of national renewal, next he called the entire American renew our determination, our courage, and our strength. And let us renew our faith and our hope. Everybody worked for national renewal, and everybody was hero for the country, which never been heroic dream. At the end of economic part, he summarized his policy, and use ethos appeal to second times encouraged his audiences that they could overcome the economic recession, as the Reagan cited Dr. Joseph Warren words Our country is in danger, but not to be despaired of. On you depend the fortunes of America. You are to decide the important question upon which rest the happiness and the liberty of millions yet unborn.