Individual learning goals Essay

1.1 Analyse the role of initial and diagnostic assessment in agreeing individual learning goal Gravells, (2012 p98), Initial assessment is a check on learners’ prior skill, knowledge or understanding which is carried out at the beginning of a programme or topic. In agreement with it could be formal, and mainly internal task which is produced by the school (ILP) to identify learners existing skills & achievements before the programme, gather information for course tutor, and individual background. In my practice, I carry out Individual Learning Plan (ILP) interviews to support the team and the Academy leader or to observe the new intakes as they complete their baseline work sheets which are part of requirements of the learning programme for individual or group of learners who have been admitted into the school on a long or short term contracts to set achievable targets, a realistic action plans and give teachers a starting point on each learner predicted grades. Also, I always carry out initial assessment at the start of each lesson to ascertain learner prior knowledge of the topic to be discussed using multiple choice questions, Oral Q&As, open and closed questions which motivates the learners and gets them engaged and to create an inclusive learning environment from the start of the lesson. In my practice, I facilitate the teaching and learning environment by planning for all individual leaners identified learning styles enhanced with appropriate resources like audio, video etc discovered by encouraging each learners to complete a self-evaluation questionnaire called a Learning Style Inventory (LSI) designed by Kolb (1984), while each learner chooses and develops an understanding of his or her learning preferences and use that understanding to enhance his or her own learning experience. Gravells (2012 p98) explained that diagnostic assessment could be used to ascertain information regarding practical/basic skills and minimum core like literacy, numeracy, ICT skills identified using learning or training needs analysis by observation and questioning to conform current competence, and understanding. It is a formal workplace assessment requirement in lifelong learning that helps to identify learners’ individual, support needs, preferred learning style. Diagnostic  assessment is an essential device in a teacher’s â€Å"tool kit†. It can be used to diagnose strengths and areas of need in all students. Diagnostic assessment involves the gathering and careful evaluation of detailed data using students’ knowledge and skills in a given learning area. The data assist teachers to plan for appropriate pedagogy and targeted learning to more effectively scaffold the learning needs of their students. Consequently, diagnostic assessment is used ‘for learning’ where taking action to adjust teaching plays a significant role in improving learning outcomes for all students. Fig1. Diagnostic assessment flowchart. Adapted from the ‘decision-making loop’, Saubern,R (2010 Learners are required to complete questionnaire like The VARK Questionnaire; http://www.vark-learn.com/english/page.asp?p=questionnaire to help analyse, identify and meet individual learners needs, preferred learning style and support to allow the learners attain their aim on the programme. 2.3: Reflect on how teaching methods meet the needs of all learners Bloom’s Taxonomy (1956) promotes higher forms of thinking in education activities or learning like analysing and evaluating, rather than just remembering facts (rote learning) which includes three domains cognitive: mental skills (Knowledge), affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (Attitude or self) and psychomotor: manual or physical skills (Skills). For example, it is summarised as KSA (Knowledge, Skills, and Attitude), DTF (Do, Think, and Feel). In my practice, I mostly apply the cognitive domain teaching method approach which is appropriate to all the learners and the subject being taught because it promotes individual and collaborative learning, lectures, team-teaching, practical, research, case studies, discussion, peer teaching, role play, games etc which help me to meet the learners’ diverse needs. The learners get fully involved in the lesson and apply their mental knowledge to develop their intellectual skills (Bloom, 1956), by recalling or recognising specific facts, procedural patterns, and concepts that serve in the development of intellectual abilities and skills which start from the simplest behaviour to more complex ones As laid out in the citizenship scheme of work, I assess the learners to meet the assessment objective in  the content and skills set by the awarding body AQA using the (Bloom, 1956) approach which meets all the learners needs in terms of KSA (Knowledge, Skills, and Attitude). In my practice, the learners are informed of the topic to be discussed (Child Abuse), they think and try to recall data on the issue in the community, they discuss amongst themselves which promote LTT and interaction takes place. Figure 2 Abstract from AQA 2012 p32 They are able to explain in their own words what they understand by the topic being discussed, apply relevant laws that they researched using the website with past and recent events on child abuse, thereby meeting VAK (2009) Visual-Auditory-Kinesthetic learning styles model as they move around and look to get the recent information. They also discuss and shout out researched examples that they know, revise and brainstorm by trying to suggest possible ways to stop the abuse by reporting, joining and advocating for charity organisations like NSPCC and so on and also suggest what the government needs to do in terms of increased punishment to offenders which promotes an inclusive class and meet the needs of all learners one way or the other. A four-stage cyclical theory of learning, Kolb’s experiential learning theory is a holistic perspective that combines experience, perception, cognition, and behaviour.’ Figure 2. Kolb’s Experiential Learning Model Kolb believes â€Å"learning is the process where knowledge is created through the transformation of experience† (1984, p.38 cited in class Note 2014 pg. 5-7). The theory presents a cyclical model of learning, consisting of four stages shown above. One may begin at any stage, but must follow each other in the sequence: concrete experience (or â€Å"DO†), reflective observation (or â€Å"OBSERVE†), abstract conceptualisation (or â€Å"THINK†) and active experimentation (or â€Å"PLAN†). In my practice, I facilitate and lead the teaching and learning environment by planning for all individual learners’ identified learning styles, enhanced with appropriate resources like audio, video etc and discovered from learners’ completed self-evaluation  questionnaire called a Learning Style Inventory (LSI) designed by Kolb (1984), which promotes and encourages learner-centred and fun independent learning as each learner chooses and develops an un derstanding of his or her learning preferences and uses that understanding to enhance his or her own learning experience. In one of the lessons, the learners requested to seat in an informal manner like seating sideways or on the computer. After negotiating with them, they accepted to follow the seating arrangement in the physical classroom to accommodate their different learning styles, which is the traditional desk and chair, pair setting that allows them to perform and concentrate better and be engaged in the lesson as illustrated by Kolb’s Experiential Learning Model cited in the class note (2014).In agreement with Kolb, (1984), I plan and develop variety of learning activities that will accommodate the different learning styles of the learners (role plays, instructional games, reading, individual assignments, group discussions, brainstorming, online research, design a poster, etc.) which the most difficult, and time-consuming task. In conclusion, I believe that learning models facilitate the process of linking instructional activities to individual learning styles, thereby increasing the lea rner’s ability to acquire and retain knowledge after they’ve been armed with the knowledge of how they learn, they are able to select appropriate activities, allowing them to learn more quickly, and retain the new information, their study would be much more productive. 2.4: Identify ways in which session plans can be adapted to meet the individual need of the learners Schools awarding body, AQA, (2012 p20) explains in the GCSE specification handbook that diversity and inclusion are promoted by making arrangements for candidates with special needs to help them access the GCSE qualification and subject criteria assessments whether any of the skills or knowledge needed by the subject presented a possible difficulty to any candidates, whatever their ethnic background, religion, sex, age, disability or sexuality. In my practice, I plan to promote equality in the classroom to meet the needs of individual learners by differentiating my lesson. For example, in my starter activity, I set higher targets for the gifted & talented learners like level 4 learners to complete 5 questions & level 7 learners to complete 10 questions which keeps them  engaged and challenged to throughout the lesson. I always remember when planning to take a step back at some point of the lesson, by encouraging the G&T learners to record ideas, teach and model their writing or thinking on the smart board, as they demonstrate, explain answers/solution to a task to a neighbour or the class while the less able learners get engaged and consciously correct any error made. The Education Act (1996), Human Right Act (1998), The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (SENDA), in agreement with The new Statutory Guidance on Inclusive Schooling from the Department for Education and Skills (DfES, 2001) gives clear and strong messages to LEAs, Schools and other bodies that the development of inclusion in schools is ‘principles of an inclusive ed ucation service’ which is cited in SCCD Note 2012 p20) 3.1: Review ways in which elements of the minimum core can be demonstrated in planning inclusive learning and teaching The minimum core includes literacy, numeracy, language & ICT. It is a current government requirement across the National Curriculum initiative (2002) which has now been implemented into each school and teachers need to enhance and provide opportunities for the learners to demonstrate appropriate knowledge in functional skills (Ellis, 2004 p92). For example, the Numeracy across the Curriculum initiative (2002) was adapted by each subject department especially maths by organizing, and designing a numeracy co-ordinate scheme of work to link using maths in the real world. It set out an agreed approach to the teaching of agreed numeracy skills, methods of calculations, and the use of calculators and ICT etc as explained in Ellis (2004 p94). In my practice, I created a starter in my lesson plan to identify learners’ prior knowledge and build upon the maths with whic h they have been exposed to and makes them feel confident. This allows me to identify learners who have particular difficulty with maths or with every other numeric issues as argued in Ellis, (2004 p97), allowing all the learners to interact positively and discuss as a group telling each other what they know and when they learnt it (mostly in their primary schools) which creates an inclusive learning and teaching atmosphere. In agreement with cross-curricular priorities (2002, cited in Ellis, (2004 p97), I ensured that I decided on SMART and differentiated learning objectives which focuses on and relates to accuracy, interpretation and  presentation and reasoning and problem solving which will normally involve consolidation of maths skills and application of the topic being taught. I recall use real life long multiplication problems to provide opportunities for the all the learners to interpret and apply just multiplying 2 or 3 digits numbers together to reasoning on how it is used on a daily basis without knowing which was fascinating to them. In my practice, I decide and plan several teaching and assessment strategies like questioning, worksheet, discussion, individual/group/ peer assessment etc which allows the learners to think and reflect on their knowledge of mathematics in order to decide by themselves what is expected of them. For example, in my last mathematics lesson, I handed out mental maths worksheet with 10 questions without explain to them what to do as a starter, they attempted all the questions and self-evaluate themselves. Also, the National Curriculum (DfEE/QCA 2000) and the Framework for Secondary English defined literacy as reading, writing and speaking and listening to maintain parity. Wray (2001), makes the point when discussing literacy in relation to teaching and learning that: â€Å"It is usual for secondary teachers to recognise that many of the processes involved in supporting literacy are also involved in developing learning† (Wray 2001, p50 cited in Ellis 2004, p83) In my practice, I plan to embed activities like literacy Skill activity to provide opportunities for the learners to demonstrate their reading, writing, listening etc skill in my lesson, in my literacy objectives (taken from the Strategy’s Framework), but I first of all identify, before I select the aspect of literacy that the learners needs to develop, which will blend in with the topic being taught, and decide the appropriate strategies that will help them to be able to meet the objectives in the lesson as mentioned by Ellis (2004, p83). As explained by Ellis (2004, p83), my school maths department, adapts the scheme of work from The Framework for Secondary English (2008) which includes literacy objective in combination with QCA’s scheme of work their publications Language for Learning (QCA 2000) and language at Work in lessons (QCA 2001) which demonstrate, through worked example, how literacy objectives can be employed effectively in planning the classroom practice. For example, I recall always asking the learners about their prior knowledge (Langer, 1981 cited in Ellis 2004, p83) at the start of each lesson on a topic to be discussed, which allows me to assess their knowledge as a basis for further  planning, allowing them to listen, speak and have a good interactive discussion amongst themselves which automatically creates an inclusive learning and teaching atmosphere. I also, plan to observe the learners as they read, write and compose, demonstrate, carry out individual/group activities etc as the main part of the lesson which is an idea derived from Vygotsky (1962). In plenary to reflect upon and take control of the learning which can develop their metacognitive intelligence, (one of seven different intelligences identified by Gardner, 1993 cited in Ellis, 2004 p85) ICT Across the Curriculum initiative (2004) was described as â€Å"the technical and cognitive proficiency to access, use, develop, create and communicate information appropri ately using ICT tools. Learners demonstrate this capability by applying technology purposefully to solve problems, analyse and exchange information develop ideas create models and control devices. They are discriminating in their use of information and ICT tools and systematic in reviewing and contribution that ICT can make to their work as it progresses† (DfES 2004, p.7 cited in Ellis 2004, p105). In line with write ups in Figure 10.1 cited in Ellis 2004, p105), and with the other cores, I firstly plan the activities like learning outcomes, assessment point, timing, and learners expectations in detail, I prepare support materials like interactive worksheets, displays, plan to assess and evaluate what I want the learners to achieve from the activity with the use of learning objectives, refer to the actual aspect of the activities that provided opportunities for the learner to demonstrate ICT, and discuss and get feedbacks from the learners in terms of access to the equipment and link, and students ca pabilities. In my practice, I plan to provide opportunities for the learners to demonstrate their ICT skills by introducing the topic and outlining the lesson objectives on the smart board, and instruct them to access the ICT and on the familiar world wide web links www.mathsisfun.com I plan for them to research the topic and study independently on it for few minutes before handing out the worksheet for them to check for their knowledge, have a group discussion and self/peer/ peer assessment. I plan for learners with ADHD to complete their work and access the maths game, which serves as a short break before returning to their work which always encourages all the learners to be engaged and complete their work and meet the set target for the lesson promoting  inclusive learning and teaching environment. REFERENCES 1. Anderson, L. W. et all (2013) Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning Domains http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html 2. Chapman, A (2005-2012) free VAK learning styles test. â€Å"vak – visual, auditory, kinesthetic – learning styles model and free selftest† http://www.businessballs.com/vaklearningstylestest.htm (online) accessed 20/06/2014 @ 11.30 3. Ellis et al (2004) â€Å"Learning and Teaching in the secondary school† Professional knowledge across the curriculum (Part 3) Teaching Literacy across the curriculum (chapter 8) 4th Edn. Learning Matter 4. Ellis et all (2004) â€Å"Learning and Teaching in the secondary school† Professional knowledge across the curriculum (Part 3) Teaching Numeracy across the curriculum (chapter 9) 4th Edn. Learning Matter 5. Ellis et al (2004) â€Å"Learning and Teaching in the secondary school† Professional knowledge across the curriculum (Part 3) Teaching ICT across the curriculum (chapter 10) 4th Edn. Learning Matter 6. Fleming, N (2011) â€Å"VARK – A guide to learning style† The VARK Questionnaire-How Do I Learn Best? http://www.vark-learn.com/ english/page.asp?p=questionnaire accessed 19/05/2014 @ 12.00 7. Gravels, Ann. (2012) Passing PTLLS assessments 2nd Edn. Chapters10,11 12 sage publications, UK. 8. Kolb, David A. 1984. Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood, Cliffs, N.J. 9. SCCD Hand Notes (2012).†Developing Differentiation and lesson planning skills† What makes a good lesson (pg. 17-20) 10.SCCD Hand Notes (2012).†Developing Differentiation and lesson planning skills† What makes a good lesson (pg. 17-20) 11. SCCD Hand Notes (2014 pg.5-7 ) Learning-approaches-principles-and-theories-2011-09-12.pdf Division of Learning &Teaching Services 2011 12. SCCD Note (2014) â€Å"Chapter 1: Know Yourself — Socrates Kolb’s Experiential Learning Model† Unit 3: Foundations for Success Lesson 7: Learning Models accessed 21/06/2014 @ 01:00 B

Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Whether or not many have read the book, Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer† has been referenced numerous times in social media. It has been used in media in such formats as movies and cartoons. Because of this, many believe Tom Sawyer to be a children’s book, while others believe it to be a more literal adult influenced novel. With the many outside influences such as religion, writing styles, and the author’s opinions it can be argued that Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer† can be seen as either a children’s book or an adult’s novel.Many believe it is more suited as an adult book. The Influence of religion in any storyline can affect the plot greatly. â€Å"If we maintain the implicit conjunction between the Bible and Tom’s books, this can be read as a very serious critique of the abuses of religion† (McIntosh-Byrd 15). In his critique, Byrd states how religio n is often seen as the only way to go. Many don’t know any different and therefore Byrd believes the book to be more centered on religion and its constant critique. â€Å"The fact that both of these scenes take place within the church in indicative of an implicit critique of the role of religion in St.Petersburg† (McIntosh-Byrd 15). Again here Byrd says that religion has changed the storyline somewhat. Because of these reasons it can be argued that Tom Sawyer is more suited for adults because adults can understand what Twain was trying to say more and he knew this by the way he wrote. The different writing styles in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer change the audiences that the story appeals to. â€Å"These defects of structure would probably not appreciate the flexibility of the narrative, it’s easy, casual gait. † (Doren 431).From this view, Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,† can be seen as more of a children’s book becau se of its easy going nature. The lack of responsibility in this book translates well to children. â€Å"But Tom’s energy did not last. He began to think of the fun he had planned for this day, and his sorrows multiplied. † (Twain 12) Many are without responsibilities and hope to never gain any. â€Å"Mark Twain drives with careless, sagging reins, but he holds the general direction. † (Doren 431) Twain keeps a general hold on the story but he allows the characters to roam bout freely, which makes it more kid friendly, in the sense that the kids want to feel like they are truly in charge. â€Å"And when the middle of the afternoon came, from being a poor, poverty-stricken boy in the morning, Tom was literally rolling in wealth. † (Twain 15) The different writing styles affected the story in one way but at the same time it can affect it in the other opposite direction. On the other side of the spectrum, this book can be seen as an adult’s novel based on the writing styles evident in the text. Twain borrowed its structure from several literary genres popular in the United States during the late nineteenth century: Local color-fiction, Juvenile fiction, sentimental romance, and the dime thriller† (De Santis). Adults can handle a lot more styles in books such as these. â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer†¦Represented an attempt to cultivate the gentled, eastern-seaboard audience currently enthralled by local-color fiction. † (Baetzhold) Again here critic has noticed the same trend. Local-color or regional literature is fiction and poetry that focuses on the characters of a story.This is evident in De Santis’ critique of â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer†. Noticing the author’s opinions the reader can tell whether they meant for their book to be a children’s book or an adult’s piece of literature. â€Å"It had no history, and no future, existing in the framed bookends of the aut hor’s comments at the beginning and end of the tale. † (McIntosh-Byrd 15) Twain’s opinions about the way things should be in society affects the story. Say another writer had written about the exact same topic it would be completely different. Twain put a lot of his own thoughts and beliefs into his story. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is an extremely difficult work to approach analytically because it is so embedded in the author’s own childhood. † (McIntosh-Byrd 13) It has been argued that the town of St. Petersburg in the story was Twain’s interpretation of his childhood hometown. â€Å"Uncertain whether it should be aimed at a youthful or an adult audience, Mark Twain once more submerged in the shadow the realistic aspects of puberty, removing portions of the book which might offend younger readers. † (Baetzhold) if Twain didn’t remove these portions f the story it would have definitely been focused towards a more mature audien ce. Since he did it is more appropriate that â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer† be focused more on the youthful audience. With the many outside influences such as religion, writing styles, and the author’s opinions it can be argued that Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer† can be seen as either a children’s book or an adult’s novel. The book was originally written as an adult’s novel, but over the years since it has been written it has slowly been more closely analyzed as a children’s book.

Analysis Of John Donne s Poetry

John Donne is renowned in the world of poetry as the leading influence in metaphysical poetry. His works including sonnets, love poems, religious poems, sermons, and so forth are characterised by their strong, sensual style, which may be seen as contradictory to the stereotypes of Donne’s job; a churchman. Many of Donne’s poems contain metaphysical conceits and thoughtful reasoning to guide the readers into an in-depth understanding of the speaker’s emotional state. These conceits are elaborate,†¦ John Donne had many obstacles throughout his life that would define him as well as his poetry. The day he was born he faced one of these obstacles as he was born to a Roman Catholic family at a time when practicing Roman Catholicism was illegal. The religious conflict he faced tore him up inside. That was until, of course, he rejecting his mother and father’s religion, electing to convert to Anglicanism. As this transformation took place, there was also a revolution in the way Donne would write†¦ lies is that, in poetry, all facts and all beliefs cease to be true or false and become interesting possibilities†¦It may not, perhaps, be absolutely necessary that he believe it, but it is certainly necessary that his emotions be deeply involved, and this they can never be unless, as a man, he takes it more seriously than as a mere poetic convenience.† It is Donne’s sensibility and his personal experiences which are revealed with a vibrancy of language in his love and religious poetry that make him†¦ prominent literary figures of the early seventeenth century, John Donne has engendered widely differing views regarding the merits of his work. His reputation stands on two distinct accomplishments: the witty, sensual love poetry of his early career and the serious, devout religious writing of his later career as the Dean of St. Paul 's. Donne 's poetry was influential enough to be considered the basis of the metaphysical school of poetry, as characterized by later writers such as Richard Crashaw,†¦ John Donne’s ‘The Anniversary’ is all about the love that the narrator and his wife share together. The narrator assures his wife that although a year of marriage has passed, and everything has grown older, their love hasn’t. He says that when they both die, their bodies will decay, but their love won’t because their souls will reunite in heaven. He goes on to say that until they die, they are kings, secure in their love. It comes as no surprise that Donne has spoken of monarchs and death in his†¦ pain. A remedy to sadness. The ideal happy ending to all fairy tales. Love is the cause to the butterflies and jittery feeling inside when that special someone is near. In numerous scenarios, love is portrayed as a positive asset to life. However, in John Donne’s poemâ€Å"The Broken Heart,† love destructs and shatters a heart to an extent where restoration is incompetent. Throughout this doleful poem, Donne’s speaker uses an abundance of literary devices such as metaphors, personification, and imagery to†¦ Intro Donne expresses the need to remove the stigma around death and perceive it as inconsequential.Death is not brought up in everyday conversation and people often elude the thought of death when it does come up. Death is feared and dreaded by most people, but Donne veers away from this stigma. Death is personified in this poem and is talked down upon by Donne. He mocks death by comparing it to drugs and potions, which deal out the same fate, but drugs and potions are thought less of than death†¦ Defining and scrutinizing poetry is always difficult because of its poetic elements and chosen words. Through these elements, poems are usually difficult to comprehend. However, understanding poems can be entertaining and captivating because of the romantic structures and powerful emotions. One example is John Donne’s â€Å"Batter my heart, Three-Personed God.† This holy sonnet explores the emotions of the speaker as he talks to the three-personed God, which is the Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit. He†¦ Sixteenth century poet John Donne author of the Holy Sonnet Fourteen; ‘Batter my Heart’ is known as the founder of the Metaphysical Poets a term used to refer to 17th-century English writers whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by a greater emphasis on the spoken rather than lyrical quality of their verse. Donne adopts Petrarchan sonnet form for the majority of this poem which aids the seamless fluidity of this sonnet. Donne’s Religious poetry demonstrates turning the†¦ John Keats is said to be seen as one of the most â€Å"canniest readers, interpreters, and questioners of the â€Å"modern† project in poetry, which sought to dwell in the desires and sufferings of the human heart.† His works such as Ode to Melancholy is a worthy example as to how Keats illustrates the relatable feeling of pain, and shines light on the common idea that it is to be hidden and masked with false happiness. In this work he tells us to embrace it, to take it by the hand and let it flow through†¦

Task 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Task 1 - Essay Example The responses should enable you to identify what you are good or bad at from which you can create a personal SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats). From this SWOT analysis you can then concentrate on developing certain areas that will enhance your academic and professional development. We would very much like to† get to know† you through this document and would encourage you to also complete the notes section. In this you could give us a rationale for your responses to the questions. Most careers require five skills of; (1) communication; (2) Research and planning; (3) interpersonal skills; (4) Leadership; and (5) survival skills. As a member of the Qatari Navy, it is my belief that I’ve have displayed these five key skills with communication and interpersonal relations standing out. Of significance is that I see essential leadership skills in me with relevant skills in networking, organization, interpersonal relationships and communication. These traits exhibited enable me to properly manage most projects. Team members need to feel respected, appreciated and valued. Listening to their contribution therefore, allows their self worth to come out enabling them to be confident in the duties of the team. As a leader, one has the responsibility of providing a sense of direction through clear explanation of goals so that each member has a proper understanding of their respective roles and responsibilities. Members should also be given the room to provide feedback and float useful ideas. From my experience within the Qatari navy, when junior staff are belittled and made to feel insignificant to receive regular communications on an organization’s happenings, absenteeism numbers increase with a rise in staff turnover besides poor performance. My experience in organization with the Qatari Navy has made me absolutely confident of my ability as an effective leader. As a team leader, I must stay ahead of the rest in terms of knowledge

An artist from time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

An artist from time - Essay Example His major interest was human psychology, his portraits and self-portraits exhibiting his penetration of character. Rembrandt was the ninth and the most gifted child of a miller and a baker. After finishing a Latin school he was sent to the university. His inclination to painting made his parents give him in apprenticeship to the local painter Jacob Isaacszoon van Swaneneburg (1619-22). However, Rembrandt got his chief training during the six month (around 1923) of apprenticeship in the studio of Pieter Lastman, the Amsterdam leading painter of biblical, mythological, and historical pictures of that time. Here Rembrandt learnt to draw grand subjects in a broad format, paying careful attention to dramatic gestures, compositional grouping, the details of ancient costumes and setting. It was here that Rembrandt got acquainted with works of the major baroque artists, with their interest to light and shadow and human emotions. The baroque style was characterized with naturalistic illusionism, underlined by dramatic lighting effects, high sense of theatricality, movement of forms and energy. Baroque ar tists strove to make art close and clear to common people. Unlike the Renaissance art with its focus on reason, Baroque paintings represented emotions, capturing the most dramatic points of the action occurring (Heindorff 2006). Rembrandt learnt the art of gesture and light from Elsheimer, Caravaggio, van Honthorst and other representatives of the baroque style. At the age of 22 Rembrandt opened a studio in Leiden, and in 1627 started accepting students. Later in 1631 Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam, became a professional portraitist and had students, among whom were most of the future prominent artists of Holland. (Encyclopedia Britannica 2006; Heindorff 2006). Danae, the mythological painting of 1636, relates to the early Amsterdam period in Rembrandt’s career. It was the time when he emulated the baroque style of Rubens. As usual, Rembrandt denied the

Bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Bullying - Essay Example Others group behaviors into several patterns, branding a number of those behaviors as bullying, illustrating that there are several ways to adequately deal with specified patterns of behavior. Like childhood bullying, workplace bullying entails the tendency of groups or individuals to employ persistent unreasonable or aggressive behavior against a subordinate or co-worker. Workplace bullying may include tactics such as humiliation and, verbal, physical, psychological and nonverbal abuse. This form of aggression is specifically challenging because, unlike the usual types of school bullying, bullies in the workplace frequently function within the developed policies and rules of the society and organization. In addition, bullying in the workplace is in most instances reported as having been carried out by management and takes a broad range of forms. Bullying may be overt or covert, may be known by the majority or may be missed by supervisors in the organization. Negative consequences of bullying are not restrained to the individuals who are targeted, and may cause decrease in an organization’s culture and worker morale (Randall, 2001). ... In addition, it is imperative to comprehend that bullying is typically perceived to be a pattern of behavior where a single or more actions will assist highlight that bullying is present. Bullying may include, and not limited to the following: Interfering with an individual’s work equipment or personal items; spreading malicious gossip or rumors; blocking applications for leave, training, or promotion; isolating or excluding an individual socially; criticizing an individual constantly or persistently; intimidating an individual; undeserved or unwarranted punishment; intentionally impeding or undermining an individual’s work; threatening abuse or physically abusing; belittling an individual’s views; eliminating areas of work without explanation; using profanity or yelling; persistently modifying work guidelines; developing a feeling of worthlessness; creating unattainable deadlines that will make the worker to fail; intentionally providing incorrect information or concealing significant details; assigning unbearable workload or duties so as to create needless pressure; making offensive statements or jokes; and invading an individual’s privacy by stalking, spying, or pestering (Rayner, Hoel & Cooper, 2001). Nonetheless, sometimes it is difficult to determine if bullying is taking place at the workplace. A number of researches assert that there exists a thin boundary between bullying and stout management. For instance, comments that are purposefully and are meant to offer positive feedback are frequently not perceived as bullying, but instead, are meant to help workers with their duties. Bullying has a number of negative consequences to the employees. Numerous workers value their jobs and do

Immigrant Policies in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immigrant Policies in America - Essay Example Immigration in modern day America is just as strong as it was when America was formed. Initiations by the American government such as the green card lottery are a means of attracting fresh faces to this already diverse country. The immigration debate is one of the biggest in America. Some native-born Americans forget that their ancestors were once immigrants and tend to harbor hostility towards new immigrants while others are more accepting. It is obvious that Americans have mixed feelings about immigration but many do not realize that immigrants also share mixed feelings about starting a new life in America. Modern day America is often referred to as a melting pot in which many different nations and people blend together to form a unique culture. Although this picture of America seems ideal, it is far from realistic. Immigrants who leave their home countries in order to come to America are sometimes left feeling out of place and confused. Immigrants are not sure how to balance their old culture with the new American culture. For example, Muslim immigrants who wear the traditional hajib often feel as though they are discriminated against thus are forced to conceal their true identity this leads them to "refrain from participating in practices or adopting dress that would make them appear different from the average citizen" (Smith).On a more positive note, as immigrants begin to live in America for a longer period, they are able to establish their own cultural identities and balance their two worlds. America does not discourage cultural diversity but embraces it. For example, the American education system has Spanish incorporated into its curriculum and bilingualism in the workplace is becoming a much sought after skill. There are numerous multi-cultural festivals in America, which aim to promote understanding between cultures. Immigrants have their own places of worship such as Mosques, temples, and community clubs in which they can socialize with other members who are sharing similar experiences. As time passes immigrants, do not isolate themselves from American life but become more involved. They are no longer lost tourists but real Americans who want to be involved in every aspect of American life, "Many are moving from a phase of dissociation from mainstream American life to much more active participation in political and social arenas" (Smith). Recent studies have found that the number of post-secondary degree presented to minorities has dramatically increased from 1991 to 2000. Degrees awarded to Hispanics and Asian Americans doubled while degree awarded to Indian Americans increased by 77%. All groups showed a large increase in the attainment of Masters Degrees and a slight increase in doctorate degrees. This increase is a clear indication that children of immigrants are working hard to close the educational and economic gaps between them and native-born Americans (American Council on Education, 2002). Although conditions are slowly improving, factors such as the language barrier and employment opportunities prevent new immigrants from enjoying the same privileges and benefits as those born in America. Unskilled workers who immigrate to America in hopes of finding a better life are often left disappointed. America does not have a huge shortage

Critique 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critique 1 - Essay Example For this Partita there were six individual movements announced in the recital program: sinfonia, allemande, courante, sarabande, rondeau and capriccio. Sinfonia part is a kind of introduction, or prelude for the following four individual parts. â€Å"A partita is made up of popular Baroque instrumental dances† and thus, next four parts naturally were stylized as different dances of 16-17th centuries, and named after them (The Bach Partitas). The last part, capriccio is a flexible academic form of music, which in case of this Partita was also composed by Bach in a style of Baroque dance. At the beginning of this Partita, a piano served to convey a melody and a rhythm in turns. Naturally, a melody was played by Pavey right hand, while rhythmically accompanied by a left one and was absolutely distinguishable, until the very technical end of a first part. There were a lot of short notes, so Pavey tried not only to play them right, but play them light. Yet I noticed, how focused on a technique Pavey was when playing some fast parts of this Partita. Compering to other music performed that night, Pavey’s Bach sounded most full of notes, most technically, but less complicated. Though melody did sound distinguishable, it was sounding very inseparably from dance rhythms, even in the most â€Å"free† capriccio part. I think it was the most academic sounding part of a recital and most successfully performed by Pavey. When Pavey started performing a second piece of music, - Sonata in E Major, Op. 109 by Ludwig van Beethoven, - he revealed how more independent a piano sounded in 1820 when Beethoven composed this Sonata, comparing to Baroque piano. It no longer required a dance activity. Pavey used piano to convey Beethoven’s specific idea, which was highly lyrical and emotional. Sometimes it was undistinguishable where the rhythm was, because more attention was paid on a melody development. While developing melody,

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Management - Essay Example The human resources available to an organization have a key strategic role in acquiring, implementing and maintaining a competitive strategy. Supervisors, trainers and developers play a pivotal role in improving the transfer of training by communicating their support for potential learning. The attitude and responses of supervisors, peers and trainers to the trainee can either hurt or help the whole process. The action taken by these partners before, during and after the training directly affects the likelihood that transfer will occur properly. Although organizations spend a lot of time and money on employees’ training annually, there exists no significant relationship between learning and actual job performance. However, when the learned skills are successfully transferred into effective performance, organizations can surely produce better outcomes. As the technological, economic, social and political environment is in a state of continual flux, it is critical for learning o rganizations to adjust and adapt to the dynamic market trends. Over the last decade, the role of trainers and developers has changed in an increasingly integrated world where phones, internet and improvements in infrastructure have progressively changed relationships. The pace of development is so rapid that even trained experts are unable to regulate, monitor and control its impacts properly. What may be regarded as a cultural shift in many organizations, trainers and developers need to adopt a different attitude towards their own involvement in organizations. Such prevailing market conditions also make it imperative that trainers and developers play a more active role in communicating the benefits of training and dealing with the performance problems. This paper attempts to investigate as to how and why has the role of trainers and developers changed in the last ten years. The study will also suggest future developments in the changing role of trainers and developers. Finally, the conclusion will analyze factors influencing the change and suggest effective measures for further improvements. Theory For decades, training and development of human resources is believed to have key strategic importance in determining the organization’s overall performance. As a field, training and development is considered to have evolved during the industrial revolution in America. In the present era of globalization, technological expansions have diversified the traditional role played by trainers and developers. According to a survey, a trainer these days assumes the job of a â€Å"corporate trainer, performance practitioner, lecturer, OD specialist, performance analyst, training leader, employee development specialist, operations improvement coordinator, leadership training associate, training sergeant, and continuous learning and improvement coach at the same time† (ASTD, 1996). From 2000 onwards, the role has become even more versatile with the industrial inte gration and advent of various technological aids. As the term suggests, human resource development is itself â€Å"the process of moving from one place to another, a process that we normally count as ‘change’

Environment and Evolution of human being Research Paper

Environment and Evolution of human being - Research Paper Example nce has been collected through considerations of facts like fossils of the early human skull and concurrent bone structure that indicated the presence of the differences in the structure of human with respect to respective age period in the past. Such differences were notable in the human skull morphology, for instance, in some human species like Lucy. The stand has been further supported by Adrienne Zihlmans article regarding "paleosols" that hugely back up the relationship between environment and human evolution (Penna, 2010). According to (Haviland, 2007), the current theory and entailed elaborations on the evolution of man attains its backing from a set of independently notable observations well placed in the fields of anthropology, molecular biology and other sectors like paleontology. All the three segments outline or exhibit life originating from a common point of ancestor and then branching into various categories under a gradual and progressive genetic changes spanning millions of years in a "tree of life" that is hugely influenced by environmental variations. Evolution of man similar to other animals in the ecosystem has been impacted by the environment that has consecutively acted in the formats of three main principles. The first principle is through microevolution that refers to the presence or the occurrence and establishment of build-up of mutations acting on the genetic sequence of an organism. The environment created huge impacts on established of the new establishment of build-up of mutati ons acting on the genetic sequence from the historic ancestor of man. Though the change can equally occur naturally. Several environmental effects have been linked to the microevolution of the mankind especially those originating from different geographical regions. The main environmental variations includes existent chemicals and varied earth radiations notable in various parts of the earth. Environmental radiations is believed to contribute to the difference

Teens and Consumer Behavior Essay Example for Free

Teens and Consumer Behavior Essay Shopping, is a word often used in everyday life in the context of the economy, both in the corporate world and in our household. But the same word meaning has evolved as a reflection of lifestyle and recreation on certain economic class society. Shopping also has a special meaning for teenagers. Consumptive Lifestyle The word â€Å"consumer† (as an adjective; see the suffix-if) often defined the same as the word â€Å"consumerism†. Whereas the latter word refers to anything related to the consumer. While consumptive more specifically describe the desire to consume goods that actually less is required redundantly to achieve maximum satisfaction. Indeed there has been no satisfactory definition of the word this consumptive. But the consumer is usually used to refer to consumer behavior that utilizes the value of money is greater than the value of production for goods and services which are not basic necessities. For example as an illustration, a person has income 500 thousand rupiah. He spends 400 thousand dollars in a specific time to meet basic needs. Time 100 thousand she spent on a pair of shoes because the shoes he has to work is damaged. In this case the person had not called the consumer behaves. But if he actually spend on shoes that he did not need (especially shoes he bought 200 thousand with a credit card), then he can be called a consumptive behavior. This example is relatively easy to determine whether someone has been behaving consumptive or not. But imagine someone who has income 1 million, to meet the basic needs of 400 thousand and 300 thousand are used to purchase goods that he did not need, while the rest used Untk increase its capital in the business. Whether he can be classified consumptive behavior? Consumptive Behavior Teenagers For producers, the age group of adolescents is one of the potential market. The reason is partly because one’s consumption pattern is formed during adolescence. In addition, teenagers are usually easily persuaded ad seduction, like the bandwagon to friends, unrealistic, and tend to be wasteful in using the money. The properties of teenagers is utilized by some manufacturers to enter the youth market. Among teens who have parents with a well-off economy class, especially in big cities, the mall has become a second home. They wanted to show that they too can follow the fashion that are currently outstanding. And fashion itself is always changing, so the teens are never satisfied with what he had. As a result, there emerged a consumptive behavior. From a number of research results, there are differences in consumption patterns between men and women. There is also a trait that differs between men and women in buying behavior. The differences are: Men: easily influenced persuasion seller often cheated because no patience in choosing goods have a feeling uncomfortable if they do not buy anything after entering the store kegiatran enjoy shopping less, so often a rush decision to buy. Women: more interested in color and shape, not on technical issues and their usefulness not easily swept away persuasion seller love romantic things rather than objective quickly feel the atmosphere of the store happy shopping activities even though only window shopping (just look around but not buy). This list can still be questionable whether it is true there are different styles in the purchasing between men and women. In addition, studies have been done yet to get consistent results whether or waniata teenage boys who spend more money. Are Consumptive Dangerous? Actual consumer behavior in adolescents can be understood when looking at adolescent age sebaga transition in the search for identity. Teens want their existence is recognized by the environment by seeking to become part of the neighborhood. The need for acceptance and become equal with other people the same age that causes teenagers trying to follow the various attributes that are in. Teenagers in the development of cognitive and emotion still considers that it is superficial attributes as important (even more important) with the substance. What is worn by an artist who became the idol of the teen becomes more important (to imitate) compared with hard work and effort that his idol artist to arrive at his popularity. Becomes a problem when the real trend fair in adolescents is done to excess. Adage â€Å"bigger than the pole peg† applies here. Sometimes what is required by teenagers outside his parents’ ability as a source of funds. This has caused many parents who complain when their children began to enter the world of teenagers. In this case, the behavior was already causing economic problems in the family. This consumer behavior can continue entrenched in the lifestyle group of teenagers. In the process, they will become adults with consumptive lifestyle. This consumptive lifestyle must be supported by adequate financial strength. Bigger problem occurs if the level of financial achievement was done with all kinds of unhealthy ways. Starting from the pattern of excessive work to use IM as a way of corruption. In the end the consumer behavior not only has economic impact, but also the psychological impact, social and even ethical.

Business Decision Making Assiment Essay Example for Free

Business Decision Making Assiment Essay You should sign this sheet to show that you comply with these regulations. Student’s Signature Date Acknowledgement I take this chance to thank Miss. M. PriyanthimalaWho helped me to improve and developed this particular project. She explained well about the project and sacrificed her most of the time to explain and also made sure that all the students understood. She was ready to help out in any time and gave her full support for this particular project. I finally would like to thank my parents, friends and others for helping to do this project. Thank you TASKS| PAGE NO| Task 01| 04| Task 02| 09| Task 03| 14| Task 04| 16| Task 05| 24| Task 06| 27| Task 07| 31| Task 08| 32| Task 09| 34| Task 10| 35| Task 11| 38| Task 12| 43| Task 13| 44| Task 14| 47| Task 15| 49| Reference | 51| Task 1 T 1. 1 Difference between a sample and a population Population| Sample| * Population is the area in which you are trying to get information from. * This meaning of population is also used in survey research, but this is only one of many possible definitions of population. Examples: Cedar Crest students; trees in North America; automobiles with four wheels; people who consume olive oil. | * Sample is a section of your population that you are actually going to survey. It is important to have a sample that will represent your entire population in order to minimize biases. Survey research is based on sampling, which involves getting information from only some members of the population. * Samples can be drawn in several different ways, such as probability samples, quota samples, purposive samples, and volunteer samples. Examples assuming the populations stated above: 47 Cedar Crest students chosen randomly; 8463 trees randomly selected in North America; 20 sample autos from each make (e. g. , GM, Ford, Toyota, Honda, etc. ); 1% of the oil consuming population per country| T 1. 2 Describe the advantages of sampling * Sampling  saves money  as it is much cheaper to  collect  the desired information from a small  sample  than from the whole population. * Sampling  saves a lot of time and energy as the needed data are collected and processed much faster than census information. And this is a very important consideration in all types of investigations or surveys. * Sampling  provides information that is almost as accurate as that obtained from a complete census; rather a properly designed and carefully executed  sample  survey will provide more accurate results. Moreover, owing to the reduced volume of work, persons of higher caliber and properly trained can be employed to analyze the data. * Sampling  makes it possible to obtain more detailed information from each unit of the  sample  as collecting data from a few units of the population (i. e. ample) can be more complete and thorough. * Sampling  is essential to obtaining the data when the measurement process  physically  damages or destroys the  sampling  unit under  investigation. For example, in order to measure the average lifetime of  light bulbs, the measurement process destroys the  sampling  units, i. e. the bulbs, as they are used until they burn out. A manufacturer will therefore use only a  sample  of  light bulbs  for this purpose and will not burn out all the bulbs produced. Similarly, the whole pot of soup cannot be tasted to determine if it has an acceptable flavor. Sampling  may be the only means available for obtaining the needed information when the population appears to be infinite or is inaccessible such as the population of mountainous or thickly forested areas. In such cases, taking $ complete census to  collect  data would neither be  physically  possible nor practically feasible. * Sampling  has much smaller â€Å"non-response†, following up of which is much easier. The term non-response means the no availability of information from some  sampling  units included in the  sample  for any reason such as failure to locate or measure some of the units, refusals, not-at-home, etc. Sampling  is extensively used to obtain some of the census information. * The most important advantage of   sampling  is that it provides a valid measure of reliability for the  sample  estimates  and this is one of the two basic purposes of  sampling. * Reliability: If we collect the information about all the units of population, the collected information may be true. But we are never sure about it. We do not know whether the information is true or is completely false. Thus we cannot say anything with confidence about the quality of information. We say that the reliability is not possible. This is a very important advantage of sampling. The inference about the population parameters is possible only when the sample data is collected from the selected sample. * Sometimes the experiments are done on sample basis. The fertilizers, the seeds and the medicines are initially tested on samples and if found useful, then they are applied on large scale. Most of the research work is done on the samples. * Sample data is also used to check the accuracy of the census data. T 1. 3 Difference between primary data and secondary data T1. 4 Difference between a statistic and a parameter Parameter is any characteristic of the population. Statistic on the other hand is a characteristic of the sample. Statistic is used to estimate the value of the parameter. Note that the value of statistic changes from one sample to the next which leads to a study of the sampling distribution of statistic. When we draw a sample from a population, it is just one of many samples that might have been drawn and, therefore, observations made on any one sample are likely to be different from the ‘true value’ in the population (although some will be the same). Imagine we were to draw an infinite (or very large) number of samples of individuals and calculate a statistic, say the arithmetic mean, on each one of these samples and that we then plotted the mean value obtained from each sample on a histogram (a chart using bars to represent the number of times a particular value occurred). This would represent the sampling distribution of the arithmetic mean. T1. 5 Define sampling errors with example? Sampling error is an error that occurs when using samples to make inferences about the populations from which they are drawn. There are two kinds of sampling error: random error and bias. Random error is a pattern of errors that tend to cancel one another out so that the overall result still accurately reflects the true value. Every sample design will generate a certain amount of random error. Bias, on the other hand, is more serious because the pattern of errors is loaded in one direction or another and therefore do not balance each other out, producing a true distortion. These are the errors which occur due to the nature of  sampling. The  sample  selected from the population is one of all possible samples. Any value calculated from the  sample  is based on the sample  data and is called  sample  statistic. Task 2 T2. 1 Advantages and disadvantages of arithmetic mean. Advantages * Fast and easy to calculate- As the most basic measure in statistics,  arithmetic average is very easy to calculate. For a small data set, you can calculate the arithmetic mean quickly in your head or on a piece of paper. In  computer programs  like Excel, the arithmetic average is always one of the most basic and best known functions. Here you can see the  basics of arithmetic average calculation. * Easy to work with and use in further analysis- Because its calculation is straightforward and its meaning known to everybody,  arithmetic average  is also more comfortable to  use as input to further analyses and calculations. When you work in a team of more people, the others will much more likely be familiar with  arithmetic average  than  geometric average  or  mode. Disadvantages * Sensitive to extreme values- Arithmetic average is extremely sensitive to extreme values. Therefore,  arithmetic average  is not the best measure to use with data sets containing a few extreme values  or with more  dispersed (volatile) data sets  in general. Median  can be a better alternative in such cases. * Not suitable for time series type of data- Arithmetic average  is perfect for measuring central tendency when you’re working with data sets of independent values taken at one point of time. There was an example of this in one of the previous articles, when we were  year. However, in finance you often work with percentage returns over a series of multiple time periods. For  calculating average percentage return over multiple periods of time,  arithmetic average is useless; as it fails to take the different basis in every year into consideration (100% equals a different price or portfolio value at the beginning of each year). The more volatile the returns are, the more significant this weakness of arithmetic average is. Here you can see the example and reason why  arithmetic average fails when measuring average percentage returns over time. * Works only when all values are equally important- Arithmetic average treats all the individual observations equally. In finance and investing, you often need to work with unequal weights. For example, you have a portfolio of stocks and it is highly unlikely that all stocks will have the same weight and therefore the same impact on the total performance of the portfolio. Calculating the average performance of the total portfolio or a basket of stocks is a typical case when  arithmetic average is not suitable  and it is better to use weighted average instead. You can find more details and an example here:  Why you need weighted average for calculating total portfolio return. T2. 2 Comparative picture of median, mode, mean The Median The Median is the middle value in your list. When the totals of the list are odd, the median is the middle entry in the list after sorting the list into increasing order. When the totals of the list are even, the median is equal to the sum of the two middle (after sorting the list into increasing order) numbers divided by two. Thus, remember to line up your values, the middle number is the median! Be sure to remember the odd and even rule. That is, if the data is in meters, the standard deviation is in meters as well. The variance is in meters2, which is more difficult to interpret. Neither the standard deviation nor the variance is robust to outliers. A data value that is separate from the body of the data can increase the value of the statistics by an arbitrarily large amount. The mean  absolute deviation (MAD) is also sensitive to outliers. But the MAD does not move quite as much as the standard deviation or variance in response to bad data. The  interquartile range (IQR) is the difference between the 75th and 25th percentile of the data. Since only the middle 50% of the data affects this measure, it is robust to outliers. T3. 2 What are the different characteristics of the following measures of dispersion. The  range  is the simplest measure of  dispersion. The range can be thought of in two ways. 1. As a quantity: the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. 2. As an interval; the lowest and highest scores may be reported as the range. By far the most commonly used measures of dispersion in the social sciences are  variance  and  standard deviation. Variance  is the average squared difference of scores from the mean score of a distribution.

China Airlines Flight 611 Engineering Essay

China Airlines Flight 611 Engineering Essay China Airlines Flight 611, Boeing 747-200 aircraft, was flying from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Taoyuan Originally named as Chiang Kai Shek International Airport to Hong Kong International Airport in Hong Kong, a regularly scheduled flight on 25 May 2002. The aircraft was reported to be disintegrated in mid-air, and crashed into the Taiwan Strait just after 25 minutes after taking off, killing all 225 people aboard. The aircraft was popular around the world and was widely used for over 20 years. After which the accident happened, Taiwanese Authorities quickly launched one of the largest rescue mission of the country aviation history. The incident of the crash occurred between 15:37 and 15:40, local time, the aircraft disappeared from radar screens, assuming that it has experienced and in-flight breakup at FL350 (approximately 35,000 feet), in the Taiwan Strait, near the Penghu Islands. It was spotted by a military C-130 aircraft, approximately 23 nautical miles northeast of makung. The aircraft consists of total 19 crew members and 206 passengers. All was found dead after the crashed and the first body was found at 18:10. Some passengers were found floating on the surface of the ocean, while some remained strapped in their seats. Pieces of the aircraft were also found in the ocean and on Taiwan, as well as the city of Changhua. No signs of burns, explosives or gunshots were found on the wreckage by searchers, except that oil slicks were spotted. Section 2 Event The aircraft was popular around the world and was widely used for over 20 years. After which the accident happened, Taiwanese Authorities quickly launched one of the largest rescue mission of the country aviation history. More than a thousand people took part in it. Fishing boat, coast guard and Taiwan military race out to the sea. The aircraft was found 55km away from the Taiwanese shore, north of the Penghu island where it disappeared. Great amount of wreckage, including landing gear wheels, are found on the ocean. Wreckage of the plane was spread far and wide. Some items are found on land, and some were more than a 100km away in Central Taiwan. As the rescue team continues, Taiwan Aviation Safety Council begins its investigations into the crash of the 22 year-old plane. It was reported that, there is typically one major accident happens every four years, for China Airlines, and this particular accident was so far the most difficult one. The search for survivors goes around the clock. There were 225 people on the airplane, however, none was found alive. Bodies were taken to the Penghu Island to be identified and examined. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) then joins the investigation, and a team of investigators was dispatched to Taiwan. Investigators wants to know how one of the most successful and popular airplane simply fell off the sky. 25 days after the crash, of flight 611, two Black Box were found, in which, one contains the voice recording of voice conversation in the cockpit and the other, data from the flight computer. However, either could give what happened. After trying to retrieve the conversation in the cockpit, there are no unusual sounds before the crash, only after which, the sound of the plane crashing apart was recorded and the recording stopped. Wreckage examinations were the only option left for investigations. At a cruising altitude of 34,900 feet, the aircraft experienced an in-flight break-up. After which, it approaches to its cruising altitude of 35,000 feet. Before the breakup, the thrust of one of the aircrafts four engine began to subside. Concurrently, the engine was the only one recovered from the sea floor. It was likely due to the structural failure in the aft lower lobe section of the fuselage. The final investigation report indicates that the accident was caused by improper repair and maintenance after a previous incident, happened in 1980. It is the result of metal fatigue of the aircrafts tail. On the 7 February, 1980, China Airlines Flight 611 had a tailstrike accident while landing in Hong Kong. Part of the planes tail was damaged in the incident. A temporary repair on the airplane was done the day after.  A more permanent repair was conducted by a team from China Airlines from 23 May to 26 May, 1980. However, during the permanent repair of the tailstrike, it was not carried in accordance with the Boeing Structural Manual (SRM). The area of the damaged skin on the planes tail was not trimmed or removed properly. In addition, the repair doubler plate that was supposed to cover in excess of 30% of the damaged area did not extend beyond the entire damaged area enough to restore the overall structural strength. The cause of the metal fatigue had evidences of brown nicotine stain, caused by the smoke from the cigarettes of people, about seven years before the disaster (smoking was allowed in a pressurized plane at that time). The engineers detected brown nicotine stain all the way around the doubler plate during the inspection. It is concluded that due to the nicotine to had been seeping out because of the pressure that built up when the airplane is in cruising altitude, then stained the part around the doubler plate of the tail. However, there is no proper maintenance done to the doubler plate, which then causes the plane to fall apart in mid air. Section 3 Maintenance Error The accident for the crash is due to improper structural repair. Day after the tail strike, China Airline did a temporary repair, engineers attached a large aluminum plate over the damaged area but a more permanent repair was to be carried out within four months. Engineers of China Airline placed doubler plates right over the scratched material, but the doubler plate that they used was not 30% larger than the affected area. In fact, it was barely or maybe not even larger than the scratched area in certain area. According to the Boeing Repair Manual, many of the scratches on plane were too deep to be repaired. The entire damaged section should had been cut out and replaced by a new one. However, it was not done so, as evidence indicates that the repair was not done according to the Boeing repair Manual. After much investigations, it appears that the maintenance technician failed to replace the damaged pieces, which causes the scratches to remained. China Airline engineers told the investigator that the scratched area was too large to be cut down, so they sanded the scratches down instead. Even though the repair was not done accordingly to the Boeing Repair Manual instructions, they made it seemed like it was. China Airline Engineers documented that they had repaired according to the Boeing standard, and that made the damage impossible to detect as anyone reading the entry would assumed that the damaged area had been cut out as it should had been done so. Thus, metal fatigue of the instrument caused a maintenance error of improper structural repair by the China Airline engineers was disastrous. Section 4 Contributing Factors 4.1 The China Airlines Flight 611 accident was caused by improper use of information/ incorrect modified information/ improper work process. The China Airlines Flight 611 suffered a tail strike while landing on runway on the 7th of February 1980, 22 years before the accident, at the time when the airplane was only six months old. On the day after the tail strike China Airlines did a temporary repair by attaching a large aluminium plate over the damaged area. A permanent repair was scheduled for the aircraft four months later. According to Boeings Structural Repair Manual, a light scratch on the structure of the aircraft can simply be sanded down. But the tail strike that occurred left a deep scratch on the skin of the fuselage that cannot be repaired by sanding it down. The correct procedure was to cut out the damaged area and replace it with a doubler patch that is 30% larger than the original affected area. China Airlines told that the area was too large to be cut out. They did not follow the procedure and carried on sanding down the scratches and finally covering it with a doubler plate. Unfortunately the repair wasnt sufficient nor was the doubler plate large enough. This shows that the engineer tasked with this did not use the information given to him by the Boeings structural repair manual nor did he followed the work process/ procedure but instead modified the manufacturers Structural repair manual incorrectly. With the doubler plate perfectly concealing the improper repair from ever being detected by anyone, the scratches were left to deteriorate into cracks and allowed to spread out for 22 years, until the pressure in the plane was too large for the structure of the plane to withstand that the plane tore apart in mid-air. 4.2 Another contributing factor includes the complacency of engineers. According to Boeings recommendations, the scratches on the skin of the fuselage were too deep to be repaired. The proper action was to cut out the damaged area and replace it with a doubler patch 30% larger than the removed area. The engineer in charge of the task was probably complacent and thought that it was okay to simply sand the scratched area and put a doubler plate on it. He probably thought that the scratch was nothing serious and the doubler plate was strong enough to support the skin and hence did the repairs following his own false judgments. After the Aloha Airlines Flight 243 accident on April 28 1988, the Federal Aviation Administration laid out inspection procedures to be done on older planes. The inspection of China Airlines Flight 611 was carried out on 2001, a year before the accident. This would have been an opportunity for China Airlines to detect the improper repair that was done 21 years back when they found a brown stain on one of the 31 doublers found on the aircraft. This could have warned them of the catastrophic crack that lies behind the doubler and forced them to take immediate action. The China Airlines overlooked this to be something minor and moved on to the second part of the Federal Aviation Administrations procedure which was a detailed inspection of the repaired areas scheduled to be done on the 2nd November 2002. Unfortunately the Boeing-747 never made it to the specified date. 4.3 Another contributing factor includes improper work process and procedure. The repair done was on the damage caused by the tail strike four months later was not logged in truthfully. The way that the engineer logged the repair done to the damaged area made it seem like it was in accordance to the Boeings recommendations and structural repair manual. This lead the improper repair to be oblivious to anyone as anyone who read the entry would have thought that the damaged area had been cut out as it should have been. 4.4 Amount of supervision The repair job might have lacked supervision when it was done and logged. There was no one to witness and re-check the repair that was supposed to be done, how it was done and how it was logged in the entry. If there was someone watching over their actions then hiding such a big mistake would have been impossible. At the very least the engineer would have had to schedule for another proper repair to be done on the next scheduled check. Section 5 Error Prevention Strategies Aviation agencies around the world to inspect their plane more thoroughly for any hidden damages that might develop into a major structure failure. Operators should take the doubler plates off and do a visual inspection to the structure underneath. Develop a tool that allows mechanics to easily detect hidden damages behind the doubler. Such tools are used today. Using ultrasound, sound wave travels through metals and it can reveal damage underneath the doubler. It is the same technology that allows doctor to see the foetus inside the mothers womb .The disadvantage is that it requires a lot of time. Reinforce importance to perform structural repairs according to the Structure Repair Manual or other regulatory agency approved methods, without deviation, and perform damage assessment in accordance with the approved regulations, procedures, and best practices. For any structural damages beyond existing approved data, operators should seek assistance and consultation from the manufacturer(s) for appropriate repair procedures. Categorize structural repair as a major repair Describe defect type and location clearly Step by step instructions and signature requirements Detailed drawings of the damages, locations on the aircraft, doubler dimensions, material specifications, applicable Structure Repair Manual sections, and any special instructions Review the record keeping system to ensure that all maintenance activities have been properly recorded. No longer accept any quick writes of the repair work was done properly if the repair does not have all the necessary documentation that show the repair was done properly in order to provide a clear view for inspector/auditors conducting records reviews. Assess and implement safety related airworthiness requirements, which consists of the Repair Assessment Program(RAP) and Corrosion Prevention and Control Program, at the earliest practicable time and ensure they are completed in conformity with the approved maintenance documents. When implementing the programs, information such as, operational factors, safety aspects, and the uncertainty factors in workmanship and inspection should be fully documented. Increase maintenance crews awareness with regard to the irregular shape of the aircraft structure, as well as any potential signs that may indicate hidden structural damage. 7. Operators to maintain healthy relationship with the manufacturers field service representative so as to actively seek assistance and consultation from manufacturers field service representatives in maintenance and repair operations. 8. Consider the implementation of stand-alone power sources for flight recorders and adding of cabin pressure as one of the mandatory Flight Data Recorder parameter to improve effectiveness in investigations.

growing up and loathing it :: essays research papers fc

Growing Up and Loathing It Alienation can be interpreted as loneliness caused by the lack of understanding of others, and may be caused by oneself or inflicted upon by another. During teenage years, boys are especially susceptible to the anguish felt as a result of alienation. Jerry Renault, the protagonist of the Chocolate War, is encumbered by both the alienation imposed upon himself, and that which is burdened upon him by a secret society known as the Vigils. The Catcher in the Rye introduces Holden Caufield who has segregated himself from all but a few of those surrounding him, and is deeply troubled by this. The alienation wrought by Caufield’s awkward ascension into adulthood is manifested in his fallacious attempts to casually interact with others. Because of their ages, Jerry and Holden feel threatened by the individuals whom they would normally associate themselves. This intimidation spurs the alienation and loneliness felt by Jerry Renault and Holden Caufield. Jerry Renault, an average teenager, has an issue with confidence that influences him to doubt himself, and thus alienate himself from his peers. Because Renault has low self-esteem and feels little influence from his classmates, he refuses to sell chocolates â€Å"like every other kid in†¦ school†(Cormier 66). He lacks the school spirit that others posses because he is excluded from them in his head. This reinforces Renault’s lack of influence felt as a result of others, and shows the fact that he is indeed alienated. In addition, after he refuses to sell the chocolates and is shunned by his classmates, â€Å"he [feels] invisible†(163). Jerry causes this himself, for his actions alone influence the entire student body to dissociate him from their ranks. Jerry who is suddenly forced to come to terms with the situation, instead, separates himself from his former peers even further. Also, even when the students realize that Renault is â€Å"some kind of rebel hero,† he refuses to respond to them and continues his self-imposed alienation (175). Jerry Renault, who at this point has lost all hope of being a normal student, continues his assault on all of that which he would hold dear. If it would not have been for his minuscule sense of self-esteem, he would not alienate himself from the rest of the student body. Jerry’s alienation from all the people that he would normally embrace has caused him mental and physical hardship concerning the interactions with others.

Brain Development :: Child Development, Neurons

Child development is crucial throughout the early years, during this time the development of the brain occurs. The development of the brain contributes to the functioning of the body. The anatomy of the brain is made up of neurons and divided into four different lobes. The temporal, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes control a variety of cognitive functions. The brain controls simple functions such as fine and gross motor skills, vision, and memory. According to Meadows (1993, p.263), at all sorts of levels in the brain there are programs for functions such as breathing, sleeping, and producing coherent language. Brain development in children is vital during the early years. During the early years, children brains are active enabling children to learn a variety of information. Many studies have been conducted and they have concluded a healthy lifestyle, physical activity, and exposing young children to a variety of education material assist with child development. The first few y ears of a child’s life is crucial as far as his intellectual as well as socio-emotional abilities are concerned (Bose, 2000). Brain Development Brains and the more nonessential parts of the nervous system are made up of neurons (Meadows, 1993 p. 266). The brain is made up of neurons, axons, dendrites, and synapse. They all have their individual job that contributes to the functioning of the body. The weight of the brain increases as a child develops into adulthood. According to Siegler & Alibali (2005, p13), the changes in the size of the brain make it possible for advanced thinking. The neurons are the functioning core of the brain (Brotherson, 2005). The brain begins to develop in the mother’s womb and continue to develop as the child develops. The neuron has branches protruding from the cell sending signals to the synapse and axon. The synapse and axon shapes the brain which allows connections to be made. Young children learn new information when they follow the same routine on a regular base. If a parent repeatedly calls a child a certain name, then connections form that allow the child to recognize that name ove r time and he or she will begin to respond to that name (Brotherson, 2005). Through repetitive experiences the axons and synapse strengthen causing learning to take place. The brain is divided into four major lobes: the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and the temporal lobe. Each lobe contributes to cognitive development in young children.

Free Huckleberry Finn Essay - The Adventures of Huck :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When children are born into the world they are completely free and uncontaminated from outside influences and ideas but as life continues they grow and are affected by society, their environment, and personal aspirations. All of these reasons cause people and society to react in certain ways when confronted with particular situations and people. Often the reactions to these confrontations are based mainly on morality, yet no always as proven in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by the fictional writer, Mark Twain. Huckleberry Finn, a young man who has experienced and survived great obstacles in his young years, shaped his beliefs and morals but was capable of undergoing a considerable change in both mind and heart with the help of his run away slave, Jim. Jim and Huck had a relationship, which was transformed through time and trust, but always had the reminder that one was white and the oth er was black. This was a major influence on Huck's behavior towards Jim but through the progression of the book Huck's attitude and respect towards Jim increases considerably after Huck self-evaluates himself and society and begins to focus on what is truly important but not always right. Huck is a strong-willed, free-spirited youth who attempts to portray himself as a bad boy but often finds himself doing just the opposite; however, several times he causes negative situations which affects himself and people around him. When Jim and Huck find each other after escaping their homes, they continue their journey down the river together. One night Jim and Huck separate on the river because of the fog but Huck finds Jim asleep after a few hours of searching for each other. When Jim wakes Huck attempts to tell him that it was all a dream because they had never been separated and there was never any fog. After lying so sufficiently for all his life, Huck never considering how his lies affected a person and especially a friendship until Jim told him.: When I got all wore out wid work, en wid de callin' for you, en went to sleep, my heart wuz mos' broke bekase you wuz los', en I didn't k'yer no' mo' what become er me en de raf'.

Autobiography: My inspiration

Inspirations come from many avenues. My inspiration came when I was 16 years old in the form of a 3 pound baby boy measuring the length of a ruler. Being a young adolescent myself, this was a very trying time for me. My son was born almost three months early and could very easily have not survived. The birth of my first child is what changed my life forever and shaped me into the person I am today. At the age of seventeen I was attending high school, being a mother to my son, and working away from home as a waitress; all the while missing my little boy beyond words.I knew right then what I wanted to do with my life. I wanted to watch my son grow. I wanted to not only be his mother but also his teacher. As my life moved forward my family grew. I was lucky enough to have the privilege to stay at home with my children. During this time I decided that caring for children and helping them grow was what I wanted to do. I started doing child care for a few of my friend’s children and absolutely fell in love with it. This is what I have always done and is something that has always come completely natural to me.Being responsible for a child’s growth while watching them learn and mature right before my eyes is an amazing feeling and a blessing. My children are now all in school full time which has me feeling ready to share the passion I have in caring for, nurturing, and teaching children with others. After I complete my CDA coursework my goal is to become a preschool teacher. I feel with current education with child development and the love I have for watching children’s developmental growth this will be a great future for me.

History and Development of the Charismatic/Pentecostal Movement Essay

charismatic action is a spectral revitalisation movement that developed during the late 1960s among members of several Christian names, nonably ro slice Catholics, Episcopalians, and Methodists. Charismatic weigh they can give-up the ghost infused with the Blessed genius. When so infused, they believe, they may be granted such charisms ( confronts) as the capability to verbalize in tongues, to make prophecies, and to retrieve by trust. Charismatics sh ar umteen beliefs and applys with the pentecostal churches but do not account themselves to be pentecostals (Duin, 2000).Moreover, pentecostal churches base their religious belief and coiffure on certain ghostlike experiences that are recorded in the unfermented Testament. pentecostal churches t sever anyy that every Christian should seek to be filled with the hallowed philia. The proof of this occurrence comes when the person speaks in tongues. That is, the person will speak in a language he has neer learned. The freshly Testament refers to the disciples speaking in tongues on the sidereal daylight of Pentecost (Acts 2), and mentions speaking in tongues elsewhere (Blumhofer, 2004).Pentecost is an important springtime Judaic and Christian junketeer. Its name comes from the Greek sacred scripture fifty because Pentecost occurred on the fiftieth day after the scratch line day of Passover. As a Jewish thanksgiving feast for the harvest, it was called bed covering of Firstfruits (Exodus 2316) and Shabuot or the Feast of Weeks (Leviticus 23 15-21) From the day after the Sabbath, the day you brought the sheaf of the wave sullenering, count come to seven full weeks. Count off fifty days up the day after the one-seventh Sabbath and then contribute an offering of new grain to the Lord.From wheresoever you live, bring two loaves do of two-tenths of an ephah of fine flour, baked with yeast, as a wave offering of firstfruits to the lord. Present with this slit seven male lambs, all(pr enominal) a year old and with out defect, single young bull and two rams From the to the lowest degree the 200s, Christians celebrated Pentecost on the seventh Sunday after Easter as one of their greatest feasts. It commemorated the descent of the hallowed Spirit (called Holy Ghost in older English) upon the apostles on this day (Acts 2 1-4)When the day of the Pentecost came, they were all together in one blot. Suddenly a audio recording like the blowing of a violent principal came from heaven and filled the whole can where they were sitting. They saw what seemed to be tongues of fire that free and came to rest on each of them. either of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in new(prenominal) tongues as the Spirit enabled tem. He had been promised by savior as another Comforter ( hindquarters 1416) and came to fort the apostles after their nine days of petitioner following the ascension of Jesus into heaven. then(prenominal) they showed themselves m ore courageous and zealous than they had been before. Pentecost was ulterior(prenominal) called Whitsunday or White Sunday, because the newly name wore their white baptismal robes on that day, scratch the end of the joyous Easter flavor (pentecostalism. The capital of South Carolina Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2004). In good deal of the Latin Rite of the roman Catholic church service, red vestments are worn on Pentecost to symbolize the tongues of fire representing the Holy Spirit (Acts 23).This paper studies the origin of pentecostal/Charismatic movement and knows some denominations that consecrate the pentecostal beliefs. II. Discussion pentecostal churches that emphasize glossolalia (speaking in unknown tongues). The term Pentecostal refers to the day of Pentecost, soon after the close of Jesus, when the disciples spoke in unknown tongues. In present-day Pentecostal churches, during the highly turned on(p) moments of the service, members make utterances that bring n ot been place with any known language (Wakefield, 1999).Pentecostals as well as believe that they can receive other supernatural gifts. For example, they believe they can be given the ability to prophesy, to heal, and to interpret what is tell when someone speaks in an unknown tongue. The parvenue Testament refers to these gifts in I Corinthians 12-14. parenthesis from these distinctive qualities, however, individual Pentecostal denominations do not commonly resemble each other. There are more than common chord dozen Pentecostal groups in the fall in States of America alone. They differ radically in size as well as in their interpretations of matters of faith and practice.Some of the largest Pentecostal bodies are Church of God in Christ, 3,700,000 members Assemblies of God, 2,100,000 unify Pentecostal Church world(prenominal), 500,000 Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee), 455,000 Church of God in Christ, International, 200,000 International Church of the Four-square Gospe l, 180,000 Pentecostal theology Church, 110,000 and the Pentecostal Church of God, 90,000. Pentecostal churches touching their origins to revivals of tongue-speaking that occurred at Bethel record College in Topeka, Kans., in 1901, and at the Azusa Street Mission in Los Angeles in 1906. Similar revivals overly took place in Great Britain and in Europe, Asia, and Latin America during the early 1900s. Since the 1930s, the Pentecostal denominations have grown rapidly. With a worldwide social status estimated at seven million, the Pentecostals are sometimes called Christianitys Third Force, alongside the Roman Catholicism and traditional Protestantism (Ferm, 2001). Many Pentecostal churches are Methodist in origin. John Wesley, one of the founders of Methodism, believed on perfectionism.As Methodism later(prenominal) decreased its emphasis on perfectionism, more American Methodists broke away and make their own churches. Stressing the perfectionist principle, these bodies are b ecame known as Holiness churches. The Pentecostal churches are usually defined as those Holiness churches that care speaking in tongues an important shorten of having attained holiness. A. Assemblies of God Assemblies of God are Protestant Christian churches forming the largest of the Pentecostal denominations. The primary belief of this denomination is that conversion is a spiritual rebirth.Speaking in tongues is the first sign that that the Holy Spirit has been legitimate by the reborn. Members believe in the infallibility of the Bible, the chip coming of Christ to rule the world, utter(a) bliss for believers, and eternal punishment for the wicked. The denomination is composed of churches (assemblies) that are self-governing in local affairs. Each ordained diplomatic minister and one lay delegate from each assembly is a member of the everyday Council, which is responsible for missions, publications, and other matters affecting the accurate denomination (Assemblies of God. The capital of South Carolina Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2004). The church a rise out of a rival movement about 1900. The General Council was organized in 1914. Membership is about 2,100,000 in the United States. The church has missions in a rate of African and Latin American nations. International headquarters are in Springfield, Missouri. B. Practices and Beliefs render of Tongues Gift of tongues in Christianity is the ability to eulogy God in words that cannot be identified with any known language.It is also called glossolalia (Greek tongue talking). Speaking in tongues occurs during moments of deep religious emotion. Many people believe that the speaker is possessed by the Holy Spirit. In Pentecostal churches, the gift of tongues is considered a sign of spiritual perfection. other(a) in the 1960s, speaking in tongues spread through with(predicate) some congregations in other denominations, oddly in the Episcopal, Roam Catholic, and Methodist churches (Glossolalia. The capital of South Carolina Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2004).According to the Bible (Acts 21-13), 50 days after the Resurrection of Jesus, on the Jewish Pentecost, the Holy Spirit entered the disciples of Jesus and caused them to speak strange words. Many unlike Jews who were present understood the words, even though they were not spoken in their language. Instances of the gift of tongues are recorded in later New Testament books. However, in all these cases the words were directed to God and were not understood by any valet de chambre being (Pentecostal movement. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge). conviction betterFaith better is another practice of Pentecostal church. Faith healing is the stage set of physical and mental ailments through religious faith of the sufferers. Medical science recognizes some(prenominal) kinds of physical disorders that are caused or make worse by the long-sufferings state of mind. These ailments can ofttimes be cured or relieved by mental ther apyby changing the patients outlook rather than by prescribing medicine. Faith in the curing authority of religion or religious relics has often brought about this mental change. Some account cases faith healing, however, cannot be explained medically (Foster, 2006).Faith healing has been recorded in many religions under various conditions. In the quondam(a) Testament, the Syrian general Naaman was cured of leprosy when, as instructed by the prophet Elisha, he swear out himself seven times in the River Jordan (II Kings 510-14). Jesus performed many miracles of healing. After healing a leper, Jesus said to the man Arise, go thy way thy faith hath made thee whole (Luke 1719). The apostles performed acts of healing. They believed that prayer of faith shall save the sick (James 515). III. destructionThe Pentecostal churches stress the doctrine of perfectionism, or holiness, which states that man has free choice, while hush on ball, may become innocuous through uniting with God. This doctrine rose in reaction to the Calvinist doctrine of predestination, which states, in part, that man is sinful by nature and may be save only through Gods choice. Other beliefs common to many Pentecostal churches are the fundamentalist ideas that the entire Bible is literally true and that Jesus will return physically to rule the earth some of the Pentecostal churches also practice faith healing (Pentecostal churches.New monetary standard Encyclopedia). advert1. Blumhofer, Edith L. Thinking in the Spirit Theologies of the Early Pentecostal fecal matter. The Christian Century. Volume 121. turn up 7. Page 43+. April 6, 2004. 2. Duin, Julia. Charismatic Movement Transcends Sects. The Washington Times. Page repress 2. walk 31, 2000. 3. Pentecostalism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press, New York, 2004. 4. Wakefield, Dan. Fire from Heaven The Rise of Pentecostal Spirituality and the Reshaping of Religion in the ordinal Century.The Nation. Vo lume 260. Issue 3. Page calculate 98+. January 23, 1999. 5. Pentecostal churches. New Standard Encyclopedia. Vol. 13, Page 456-457. 6. Assemblies of God. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. New York, 2004. 7. Glossolalia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. New York, 2004. 8. Foster, Mark. Sugar Grove Pentecostal Church Draws Members. Daily Herald. Page Number 4, Dec. 18, 2006. 9. Ferm, Vergilius. An Encyclopedia of Religion. Philosophical Library. New York,

Native American myth

The aspect of legends is a key percentage of the homegrown American or the Indian American hi figment. These stories were told and handed dash off from generation to generation to expose pardon certain phenomena that Indian Americans at the season con situationred to be strange. In approximately instances, these tales were told in proportion to the things that happened around the various Indian American tribes. Among these legends were the plant, wight and creation myth. This essay at that placefore confabulateks to examine the kinship between Indian American myths and nature.Long ago, onward there were ant slew, the world was young and water cover everything. The footing was a great island floating in a higher place the seas, suspended by four rawhide ropes representing the four inspirational directions. It hung down from the crystal sky. There were no commonwealth, unless the fleshlys lined in a home preceding(prenominal) the rainbow. Needing space, they sent Water Beetle to front for means under the seas. Water Beetle dove down deep and brought up mud that spread rapidly, go into land that was tight and similarly soft and m mavinyed for the animals to live on. (Andrews, 1988196+) Grandfather Buzzard was sent to cop if the land hardened. When he flew over the terra firma, he lay down the mud had become solid he flapped in for a closer look. The wind from his wings holdd v t kayoed ensembleeys and mountains, and flat is why the Cherokee territory has so many another(prenominal) mountains today. (Andrews 1988196+)As the earth stiffened, the animals came down from the rainbow. It was s savings bank dark. They needed light, so they pulled the solariseshine extinct from fanny the rainbow, simply it was too fulgent and hot. A solution was urgently needed. The Shamans were told to place the sun higher in the sky. A path was do for it to drop dead from east to west so that exclusively inhabitants could sh ar in the light. Th e plants were placed upon the earth. The Creator told the plants and animals to assuage awake for seven days and seven nights. (Andrews 1988196+)Only a few animals managed to do so, including the owls and mountain lions, and they were rewarded with the power to see in the dark. Among the plants only the cedars, spruces, and pines remained awake. The Creator told these plants that they would keep their haircloth during the winter, while the other plants would lose theirs. People were created last. The women were commensurate to nurse babies every seven days. They reproduced so quickly that the Creator feared the world would in short become too crowded. So subsequently that the women could halt only champion child per year, and it has been that way ever since.Looking at the infixed American myths of creation we see that, the basic exposit of aboriginal American creation mythology are intertwined with the inherent world and frequently include animals that act as creators, me ssengers, protectors, guardians, and advisers. (Andrews, 1988196+) They were often intellection to possess human qualities and had the great power to speak, think, and act like humans. Animals such as the coyote, bear, raven, spider, and tip over are often rig in stories apprisal the origin of a tribe. (Andrews, 1988196+)They were thought of as ghostly guides or important players in the communitys daily existence. In some instances they try to prune what nature had created. For instance, The Mojave, for example, believe that long ago, people lived under background signal. When their regimen diminished, they sent a hummingbird to the upper world to search for more. The bird found much food, and the people climbed expose of the ground and moved into this new worldAlso, according to the in getation of numerous tribes, animals locomoteed the earth prior to man. They helped to Shape, t severally, feed and spiritually nurture the people who later lived with them. Animals played a vital component in the life of the congenital people, and honoring their spirits could bring blessings, life balance, and abundance. (Ella, 1966112) numerous Native Americans believed in the special medicine, or power, that each animal held. The mythic beasts were often given the highest regard that could be bestowed on a spirit the role of creator. When an individual or tribe needed assistance, it called upon an animals knowledge, power, and spirit. To this day, animals are considered sacred by the Native American peoples and are appealed to in times of need. (Ella, 1966112)According to the prairie wolf myth common to Nez Perce, who lived in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon, they trace their beginning bum to the magic tricky prairie wolf. In the beginning, Old humanity Coyote stood alone with water surrounding him. twain ducks swam by, and Coyote asked if they had seen anyone else. (Andrews, 1988196+) The ducks said no save thought that something might exist under the w ater. Coyote asked if they would travel underwater for him and report on what they motto.The ducks did as they were asked, conclusion nothing. He asked again, and the ducks returned with a root. On the third try, they found mud and Coyote was happy. He told the ducks that they could build with it, and he began to shape and mold the mud into an island. He blew on it, and it expanded. He blew again, and it grew into the earth. The ducks said they did not like the earths emptiness, so Coyote created grass and trees come on of the roots that came from the water. (Andrews 1988196+)Coyote and the ducks loved the earth, but it was fiat. They wanted rivers, valleys, mountains, and lakes. So it was done. Soon Coyote and the ducks do a complete(a) earth, but they grew lonely, with only the three of them to sit and whoop it up the land. So Coyote molded dirt to form men and thusly more mud to create many types of male ducks. Soon, they realized that without women, the males could not ha ve children. So with more dirt he made women and female ducks to populate the earth. (Andrews 1988196+) This myth does not explain the origin of water, the two ducks and the mud. This probably could be joined to nature.Among the Coyote tales also, is one in, which it is told how the Coyote visited the Porcupine, who scratched his nose until rakehell flowed freely out over it he hence roasted it until it turned into a piece of graceful meat. Coyote invited his host to return the visit in two days. He tried to copy the Porcupine, but failed ignominiously. He next visited the Wolf, who roasted two cursor points that were transformed into minced meat. (Bruchac 19995-9)Again the Coyote tried to imitate his host, but failed. Compare with this the tradition of the Chinook, who tell how Bluejay tried to imitate his host that of the Comox, Nootka, and Kwakiutl of Vancouver island, and of the Bella Coola and Tsimshian of Northern British Columbia, who tell the alike(p) story of the Raven that of the Ponca, who tell the same story of Ictinike, and that of the Micmac, who relate how the Rabbit tried to imitate his host. Although the preposterous method of producing food by magic is not eternally the same, the whole stories are identical to all intents and purposes. (Bruchac 19995-9)Later on it is told how the Coyote was playing with his eyes, tearing them out of their sockets and throwing them up then they fell bet on into their sockets. We nonplus the identical incident among the Shuswap in the interior of British Columbia and among the Blackfeet. Once upon a time the Coyote met the cook Giant. He proposed to him that they should vomit. He placed a large piece of pine bark before each as a dish, and bade the brownish Giant keep his eyes shut till he was told to open them. (Bruchac 19995-9) Coyote vomited bugs and worms, while the Brown Giant vomited fat venison. Coyote exchanged the dishes, and then told the Giant to open his eyes. The Shuswap ascribe the same trick to Coyote when he met the Cannibal Owl. (Bruchac 19995-9)The people sought-after(a) to divine their fate. (Clements 1986220) They threw a hide scraper into the water, saying, If it sinks, we perish if it floats, we live. It floated, and all rejoiced. Then Coyote repeated the same turn out with a stone. It sank, and therefore people die. Among the Black feet, the setoff adult female asked the Old Man if people would be immortal. In order to decide this question he threw a buffalo chip into the water, saying that if it floated people would resurrect on the fourth day after their remainder. It floated. Then the woman took a stone, saying, If it floats, we will always live it sinks, people must(prenominal) die. It sank, and therefore people died. (Clements 1986220) This again tends to explain the mystery of death thereby emphasizing the point that, Native American myths are closely tied to nature as death is natural.There also existed the myth of plant among the Indian Americ ans. This specifically was the give myth and was common among North Carolina-Cherokee Indians. It held that, many geezerhood ago there was an old woman who lived happily with her grandson until the boy turned seven years old. On his birthday she gave him a bow and cursor with which to trace. (White 1993164) On his first expedition he came back with a small bird. She was very proud of him and told him so.The grandma went out to her storeroom behind the lodge in which they lived. She soon came back with corn in a basket. She made a delicious soup with the corn and the little bird. (Bruchac 19995-9) Everyday that the boy brought home the fruits of his hunt his grandmother would go to the storehouse and bring back the corn to make the meal. The boy became very suspect and decided to follow her. He watched her as she stood in front of her basket and rubbed her hand along the side of her proboscis. As she did this the corn filled the basket. He became horrified and thought that sh e might be a witch. He hurriedly returned to the lodge. (Bruchac, 19995-9)When the Grandmother came in she knew that he had seen what she had done. She told him that because of this she must die and leave him. She would tell him what to do so that there would always be food for their people. She said, When I die, go to the south side of the lodge and clear-cut the Earth until it is completely bare. Then drag my body along the Earth seven times and go under me in the ground. (Bruchac, 19995-9)The boy did as he was told. He dragged her body over the Earth and wherever a drop of her blood fell to the ground a small plant would appear. He kept the ground cleared around each plant and soon they grew very tall with long tassels of silk at the summit meeting which reminded him of his Grandmothers long hair. Eventually ears of corn grew and his Grandmothers promise came true. Even though the Grandmother has passed from this Earth she is still present as the corn plant to feed her people. (Bruchac, 19995-9)Native American Indian also had the horse myth, which was part of the animal myths. This myth was generally cognize as the sky tail myth as it holds for other animals. This myth holds that, a long, long time ago we had to walk and walk from sky to sky, from camp to camp. (Dutton, 1996 94) Our dogs carried our rawhide bags and pulled our travois sleds. We walked so much that we wore out many moccasins going across the plains. Of a sudden, one day, coming from Old Mans quiescence room, west of the mountains, we saw some strange feel beasts. (Yolen, 199062) They were as big as elk and they had tail coat of straw.Lying across the backs of these beasts were two Kutani men. One beast was draw a travois sled. We became afraid because we did not understand. My best friend, Jumps-Over-the-Water hid behind his mothers skirt. The bravest of all of us known as Running Bear, ran behind the nearest teepee to hide. I was so frightened I could not move. I was away from the safety of my fathers tipi. The men in our tribe yelled that we were not to be afraid that we were the mighty Piegans who took the land run from the Kutani. As I looked around I saw that they were afraid. They all had big eyes and four of them had their hunting bows aimed. Then our chief Long Arrow laughed. He said, These are from Old Man. They are a giving like the elk, antelope, buffalo and bighorn sheep they are called cant over Dogs. (Yolen, 1990 62)To wrap up this discussion, it worthy to note that most Native American myth were a scream to provide an explanation for what nature had created. It is for this reason that we have the creation myth, the sky dog myth, and the plant myth, to stimulate these. Thus the contention that, literary analysis of Native American myths emphasizes a bond with nature.BIBLIOGRAPHYBruchac J. (1991) Native American Stories. Colorado Fulcrum Publishing.Clements M.W. (1986) Native American Folklore in Nineteenth-Century Periodicals.Athens depre ss PublicationElla C. (l966) Indian Legends from the Northern Rockies, Oklahoma University ofOklahoma Press.Yolen J. (1990) Sky Dogs. Harcourt CA 92101.Dutton B. and Olin C. (1996) Myths and Legends of the Indians of the Southwest. SantaBarbara Bellerophon Books.White H.M. (1993) Everyday Life of the North American Indian, brand-new York Indian HeadBooks.MagazinesAndrews T. J. (1998) World and I. Share in the gay Native American Stories ofCreation.vol.13 News World communication theory