The Male Gaze free essay sample

This determines not only most relations between men and women but also the relation of women to themselves (Berger 1972:47). Discuss how this proposition of the ‘male gaze’ has been applied to feminist studies of the media. â€Å"One thing I really envy about men, a friend once said to me, is the right to look (Dyer 1982) Johnathan Schroeder posited ‘ o gaze implies more than to look at- it signifies psychological relationship of power, in which the gazer is superior to the object of the gaze. (Schroeder, 1998)’ Keeping this in mind, in Laura Mulvey’s article ‘Visual pleasure and narrative cinema’, she proposes that the male gaze is paramount in how women are looked at and presented throughout film and other mediums in media, using this study as a political weapon. In conjunction with John Berger’s Men act and women appear. Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at’(Berger, 1982) statement, she explores how psychoanalysis displays the view of the audience. We will write a custom essay sample on The Male Gaze or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her essay is heavily influenced by Freud’s work, including his work on scopophilia into the study. Mulvey’s ‘male gaze’ theory is key in feminist studies. (Mulvey, Autumn 1975) In order to understand the media, we must dissect the meanings that are embodied throughout all mediums and how this affects our cultures, in past and present. Not only is feminist studies important in this essay, but gender studies is key. This essay will explore Mulvey’s feminist theory, highlighting the power imbalance between men and women, how it has changed and how it applies to the feminist studies of the media, in the 1960’s in which the essay is applied, and today, divulging the effects of the gaze on media then and now. Mulvey’s arguments are in context to classic Hollywood films. According to her work, women are objects there to provide visual pleasure to men and it is just assumed that the audience is all men. Mulvey’s essays explore how men look at women, how women look at themselves and how women look at other omen. She articulates that men are active and are the bearer of the look whereas females are passive and the erotic object for the characters within the story, putting forward that they hold the ‘to-be-looked-at-ness’ aura to them. Freud coined the Oedipus complex. He describe Oedipus as â€Å"His destiny moves us only because it might have been ours — because the Oracle laid the same curse upon us before our birth as upon him. It is the fate of all of us, perhaps, to direct our first sexual impulse towards our mother and our first hatred and our first murderous wish against our father. Our dreams convince us that this is so. † To paraphrase, when the child is 3-6 years of ages, the libido and ego form, thus causing a sexual want for the mother and a hatred and jealousy for the father because he sleeps with the mother. The id in the boy wants to kill the father as id acts on animal instinct, however the more level headed ego knows that the father is stronger and will win. He will not fight the father as the fear of castration by the father is a bigger threat. † Castration anxiety is a theory of Freud. He explains that when a young male realises the differences between men and women, he assumes that the female had a penis at one stage and it was removed, thus the presence of the female figure frightens him. The female â€Å"connotes something that the look continually circles around but disavows: her lack of a penis, implying a threat of castration and hence unpleasure† (Mulvey). To overcome castration anxiety, Mulvey proposes that there are sub gazes within the male gaze. The first being the ‘voyeuristic’ gaze, seeing women as whores. The second ‘fetishistic’, when the man sees women as Madonnas. Hitchcock is a prime example to explain the two gazes. His film ‘Rear Window’ is based on voyeurism, however, not only is the male protagonist, Jeffries (James Stewart) the voyeur with his binoculars and telescopic lens, but using POV (Point of View) shots, Hitchcock allows the audience to also become the voyeur, almost giving the audience an uniform sexuality of man. By allowing the audience to experience such a prime role as the voyeur, he invites them to participate in a form of narcissism, as the male gaze is ometimes thought to reflect male patriarchy and disdain women. Lisa (Grace Kelly), the female protagonist sexuality is portrayed gracefully; however, Hitchcock’s use of shadows enhances Lisa’s sexuality. Fetishization is predominant throughout the film, an example being the women dancing in her underwear. Throughout â€Å"Rear Window† we see women represented in diff erent ways, from a woman of respect to a woman of strength and sexuality. We also see women who are weak and a woman who uses her beauty to obtain what she wants in life. All of the women are either strong due to their sexuality or weak thus their sexuality is not represented in the film at all. One predominate feature of the male gaze the lingering of the curves on the female body and how events which occur with the woman is presented from a man’s reaction of it. This enforces the objectification of women. There is also sexualizing of the female body even in the situations where female sexiness has nothing to do has doing to do with the scene/product (in reference to advertising). Mulvey explores Freuds theory of scopophilia, which is the pleasure derived from looking at someone. Mulvey argues that the cinema creates an environment which allows the viewers to participate in the voyeuristic process (related to the male) and the narcissistic development of discovering an ideal version of the self which is seen on the screen (relating to the female audience. ) â€Å"Women are depicted in quite a different way from mennot because the feminine is different from the masculinebut because the ideal spectator is always assumed to be male and the image of the woman is designed to flatter him. (Berger, 1972) As Berger stated, the image of the woman is there to entertain the male audience and to compliment the male protagonist. The direct contrast from femininity and masculinity helps makes the male hero appear more masculine, heightening his characteristics of the manly hero. ‘The male gaze’ which Mulvey contrived has been applied to all realms of media and art. However, in the times of post-feminism, women are closing the gap of inequality between men and women â€Å" poststructuralists femininists have, since the 1970’s, sought to deconstruct patriarchal power relations † (Weedon, 1996). Along with fighting for equal pay and equal opportunities, women are also gaining their own gaze within the media; ‘The Female Gaze’. â€Å"For him she is sex—absolute sex, no less. She is defined and differentiated with reference to man and not he with reference to her; she is the incidental, the inessential as opposed to the essential. He is the Subject, he is the Absolute—she is the Other. †(Beauvoir, 1949) The third wave of feminism, known as post-feminism has seen what Beauvoir stated above manipulated as so woman can now objectify man. Now, woman is the absolute – HE is the other. One prime example of post-feminism in the media is ‘Sex and the City. ’ The show’s appeal was centred on ‘its frank discussion of female sexuality and its refreshing representation of the lives of contemporary women. ’ (Akass, McKabe). Not only did the show redefine the traditional sitcom family, but it focused on the 4 women’s friendships and finding themselves. Henry suggests that the ‘platonic’ relationship between the females is more important than sexual relationships. â€Å"These characters, and the actresses playing them, reap enormous benefits from the women’s movement. The characters have sexual freedom,opportunity, and the ability to be successful † (Sohn in ‘Reading Sex and the City: 24) Bust editor Debbie Stoller has noted a sexual credo of feminisms next generation: â€Å"In our quest for total sexual satisfaction, we shall leave no sex toy unturned and no sexual avenue unexplored. Women are trying their hands (and other body parts) at everything from phone sex to cybersex, solo sex to group sex, heterosex to homosex. Lusty feminists of the third wave, were more than ready to drag-race down sexual roads less travelled. † (Karp amp; Stoller, 1999) Is this a manifest that women have taken the sexuality which media has instilled within them and made it their own? The ‘female gaze’ could be explained through the post-feminism era we are currently in, and with more women behind the camera, it is hard not to have a female gaze occur. We also see the male beginning to change with New Hollywood. In Coma (1977), Saturday Night Fever (1977) and Kramer versus Kramer (1981) we see the ‘new’ man, caring about how he looks, becoming the loving father figure. In Saturday Night Fever, Tony (John Travolta) is vain, looking in windows and mirrors, fixing his hair and caring about how his appearance. In Kramer vs Kramer, we see Ted (Dustin Hoffman) fighting for custody for his son. This shows the paternal side of the male, usually preserved for the mother. These films have realistic characters and narratives that relate to those issues of feminist movement and adapt to the demand for change. To answer the question, ‘how this proposition of the ‘male gaze’ has been applied to feminist studies of the media,’ the relationship between media and women must be explored. In other words, in order to challenge the predominant ideologies, first we must understand them. Media and popular culture excludes women, it trivialises women, it condemns women and it maintains the sexual division of labour and the oppression of women. Through this, women are socialised into adopting particular roles in society. Ideological messages are thought to offer men and women ‘training’ in their gender roles. Women are told to be submissive, passive, subordinate, emotional and weak, whilst men are told to be authorities, active, dominant, rational and strong. I. e. everything a woman is not. Gender is a binary opposition. They are the most extreme form of signification and are a feature of culture not nature. The commonly shared ideology is that women are naturally capable of to fulfil different social functions, such as mothers, teachers, nurses, air hostesses as these are caring roles which do not need powerful men who should take the roles of managers, doctors, politicians. (Edge 2012) Sexual violence in advertisements is predominant in quite a few. In these advertisements, the females adopt the social roles of the passive, subordinate, weak female whereas the male is active, strong, overpowering, and violent. The advertisements depict women and men enacting particular gender sexuality roles that highlight rape myth. Rape Myth is the cultural belief that women enjoy sexual assault and therefore are partly to blame. â€Å"no means yes. † The women who subject themselves to the ‘sexual assault’ are normalising this rape mythology. There have been arguments as to the impact of these advertisements on men and the true norms of society. Ads depicting gang rape, murder of women, domestic violence, stalking are common to popular companies out there, designers such as Dolce amp; Cabbana, Calvin Klein, Wranglers, Valentino, and even food companies such as Burger King, which in one ad uses the sandwich as a phallic object. These advertisements shows the male not only active, but quite aggressive where as the women is in a submissive position. In some ads, the women is smiling whilst she is being attacked, furthering normalising this rape myth and the ads are found in teen and preteen magazines. This means that young boys and girls are being subjected to these violent images, making it seem culturally accepted to act like this later on in life, and for girls to be submissive and okay with this in real life. In the illustrious Mulvey’s work, she focuses on the classic Hollywood cinema and the effects on feminism. To pose a relationship between feminism and cinema , is therefore to suggest two things : one that there are connections to be made on an analytical or theoretical level between the two sets of practices and two, that taken together feminism and cinema might provide a basis for certain types of intervention in culture’ (Bose, 1997) It is clear that the ‘male gaze’ is p redominant in the studies of feminism as explained throughout the essay, however, with the onset of post-feminism, is the post-feministic culture causing a repudiation of feminism? Although women have gained their own, they are now becoming so un-lady like. Is this the new feminism? Feminism without the femininity? Covers of magazines ‘celebrate’ women’s form and is the woman’s choice, however, are women choosing this or are they conforming to the male gaze and allowing the normalisation of pornography and hostility to feminism Young women’s ‘freedom’, cool and sophistication dependant upon their complicity and acquiescence to this culture (McRobbie, 2006) But the essential way of seeing women, the essential use to which their images are put, has not changed. Women are depicted in quite a different way from mennot because the feminine is different from the masculinebut because the ideal spectator is always assumed to be male and the image of the woman is designed to flatter him. (Berger 1972 p64) This is an interesting point Berger raises. Although this was written in 1982, this can still be applied to the media today. Post-feminism is indubitably upon us, with women taking control of their future and their sexuality. However, the argument stands as to whether women are in control of their sexuality or has the culture become so narcissistic and obsessive with looks that women have just conformed to what men like, as reiterated from de Beauvoir â€Å"For him she is sex—absolute sex, no less.. † (Beauvoir, 1949) With good judgment, it is safe to accept that although the role of ‘the male gaze’ is imperative when analysing media forms, in the new era of post-feminism there the introduction of ‘the female gaze’ and it seems to be culturally accepted, through the media at least with the onset of post-feminist films, television shows such as Sex and the City. It is uncertain how long this will last until the 4th wave of feminism occurs, and how further they can take it until they castrate themselves of their femininity completely and take on all masculinity characteristics. Sex is known as the biological differences between man and women, whereas gender is the cultural differences between man and woman. Cultural differences are learnt and instilled in us as we grow up, prompting the phrase : ‘Nurture, not nature. ’ (Edge 2012) However, if culture is changing and females are beginning to regain their power, does this mean that the cultural gender roles will change?

Free Essays on The Grapes of Wrath

In Stienbeck’s novel The Grapes of Wrath, most of the characters went through some type of change. Tom Joad affected many different people throughout the whole trip to California. Not only did he change as a result of the long trip, but also he had a major impact on Jim Casy and on the whole Joad family in general. The significance of these changes helped to determine the whole plot of the unfolding story. Tom’s influences changed the way the characters felt and acted. In the beginning of the novel, Tom Joad has just been released from prison for having killed a man. (Here we find him in a proud, non-regretting state of mind.) As he catches up with his family and travels many miles, his attitude changes drastically. Tom realizes the great value of a close family, so he tries to help his family to stay strong and work together to benefit each other. â€Å"You got to think about that day, an’ then the nex’ day, about the ball game Sat’dy.† This quote is taken from a point in the story where Ma is unsure of what will become of their future in California. Tom reminds her that she must take things one day at a time. Their future is indefinite and unclear, but with Tom’s positive attitude, the emotional stress is somewhat alleviated from everyone. When Jim Casy first meets Tom Joad, Tom had just been released from prison. Casy used to be the preacher in the town; therefore he is a longtime friend of the Joad family. Casy has been living his life wondering around aimlessly, obtaining food by killing small animals, and living off the land. Tom asks Casy to join him in looking for his family, and on their search they come to be companions. The two find the Joad family, as they are about to depart, and Casy is invited to join the family on their excursion. At various times in the novel, Casy is asked to say a prayer to which his usual response is, â€Å"I’m no longer a preacher.† Which in itself signifies a change in Casy. As th... Free Essays on The Grapes of Wrath Free Essays on The Grapes of Wrath In Stienbeck’s novel The Grapes of Wrath, most of the characters went through some type of change. Tom Joad affected many different people throughout the whole trip to California. Not only did he change as a result of the long trip, but also he had a major impact on Jim Casy and on the whole Joad family in general. The significance of these changes helped to determine the whole plot of the unfolding story. Tom’s influences changed the way the characters felt and acted. In the beginning of the novel, Tom Joad has just been released from prison for having killed a man. (Here we find him in a proud, non-regretting state of mind.) As he catches up with his family and travels many miles, his attitude changes drastically. Tom realizes the great value of a close family, so he tries to help his family to stay strong and work together to benefit each other. â€Å"You got to think about that day, an’ then the nex’ day, about the ball game Sat’dy.† This quote is taken from a point in the story where Ma is unsure of what will become of their future in California. Tom reminds her that she must take things one day at a time. Their future is indefinite and unclear, but with Tom’s positive attitude, the emotional stress is somewhat alleviated from everyone. When Jim Casy first meets Tom Joad, Tom had just been released from prison. Casy used to be the preacher in the town; therefore he is a longtime friend of the Joad family. Casy has been living his life wondering around aimlessly, obtaining food by killing small animals, and living off the land. Tom asks Casy to join him in looking for his family, and on their search they come to be companions. The two find the Joad family, as they are about to depart, and Casy is invited to join the family on their excursion. At various times in the novel, Casy is asked to say a prayer to which his usual response is, â€Å"I’m no longer a preacher.† Which in itself signifies a change in Casy. As th... Free Essays on The Grapes of Wrath A Change In Attitude In the novel â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath†, by John Steinbeck, the life of a migrant family, who is forced off their land in Oklahoma and who is in search of employment in California, is portrayed. During the course of the novel, the Joads move from a concern for themselves and their own personal welfare to a concern for all the people of the world. This becomes one of the major themes in the novel. It is traceable through many of the characters such as Jim Casey, Tom Joad, Ma Joad, and Rosa of Sharon. It is also traceable through many different actions taken by the Joad family on the whole. The character of Jim Casy plays a strong role in bringing forth the theme in discussion. Casey is a preacher like none other. He does not preach the orthodox ideas of the Christian religion. Instead, he preaches the Emersonian doctrine of the Oversoul. Tom Joad once recalls that â€Å"one time Casey went into the wilderness to find his own soul, an’ he foun’ he didn’t have no soul that was his’n Says he foun’ he jus’ got a little piece of a great big soul...his lilttle piece of a soul wasn’t no good ‘less it was with the rest, an’ was whole.† This is part of Emerson’s views of the Oversoul; man’s soul is breaking away from some larger soul and in death this individual soul is reunited with the larger Oversoul. It is through Casy’s beliefs in the concept of the Oversoul and his prison experience that reveals to Jim that only through the unity and concern for the entire human race will the migrants succeed. Rose of Sharon is another character which can be used to trace the progression of the Joads from a concern for themselves and their own personal welfare to a concern for all the people of the world. Through out the novel rose of Sharon is shown as a sick and whining girl. It is easy to blame this on the fact that she is a pregnant woman who is expected to deliver at any time. However, her ... Free Essays on The Grapes Of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck portrayed the rebirth of a man's conscience dealing with his troubling trials throughout the novel. The character that goes through this monumental change is Tom Joad, son of a tenant farmer from Oklahoma. Tom's conscience was changed from a loner who cared nothing about the people to a hardy leader of them. He first looked after his family on their trip that evolved into including the impoverished migrant farmers in California. At the beginning of the novel Tom Joad has just been paroled after spending four years in a state prison. He stops at a roadside cafe looking for a ride when he sees a truck with a "No Riders" sticker on it. Tom's conversation with this trucker is his first witness to the suppression of an honest workingman by the larger more wealthy corporations. The trucker tries to socialize with him at this point but Tom is too absorbed into his own interest in keeping to himself. Arriving at his house with Jim Casy, Tom visits the abandoned house with one corner having been knocked in by a tractor. His family had been compelled to leave their land through repossession by the large corporations. This is another example in Tom's life how the larger are trying to control the less fortunate. This land had been his family's source of pride and livelihood throughout his life. Losing the land became the first sizable impact on Tom's conscience that would lead him to an awakening. After visiting the land the Joad family had lived on for many years Tom and Jim traveled to his Uncle John's house nearby. There Tom meets his family as they are making preparations to leave for California. Tom's family has already sold off every valuable possession they own. While living under cramped conditions on old, soiled mattresses in a house not built to accommodate the size of the entire family. Tom realizes that a family cannot survive under the horrible conditions unless they cling togeth... Free Essays on The Grapes Of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck that exposes the desperate conditions under which the migratory farm families of America during the 1930's live under. The novel tells of one families migration west to California through the great economic depression of the 1930's. The Joad family had to abandon their home and their livelihoods. They had to uproot and set adrift because tractors were rapidly industrializing their farms. The bank took possession of their land because the owners could not pay off their loan. The novel shows how the Joad family deals with moving to California. How they survive the cruelty of the land owners that take advantage of them, their poverty and willingness to work. The Grapes of Wrath combines Steinbeck adoration of the land, his simple hatred of corruption resulting from materialism (money) and his abiding faith in the common people to overcome the hostile environment. The novel opens with a retaining picture of nature on rampage. The novel shows the men and women that are unbroken by nature. The theme is one of man verses a hostile environment. His body destroyed but his spirit is not broken. The method used to develop the theme of the novel is through the use of symbolism. There are several uses of symbols in the novel from the turtle at the beginning to the rain at the end. As each symbol is presented through the novel they show examples of the good and the bad things that exist within the novel. The opening chapter paints a vivid picture of the situation facing the drought-stricken farmers of Oklahoma. Dust is described a covering everything, smothering the life out of anything that wants to grow. The dust is symbolic of the erosion of the lives of the people. The dust is synonymous with "deadness". The land is ruined ^way of life (farming) gone, people...

List of Planned Parenthoods Services

List of Planned Parenthoods Services Planned Parenthood was founded in 1916 by Margaret Sanger, to provide women with more and better control over their own bodies and reproductive functions. According to the Planned Parenthood website: In 1916, Planned Parenthood was founded on the idea that women should have the information and care they need to live strong, healthy lives and fulfill their dreams. Today, Planned Parenthood affiliates operate more than 600 health centers across the United States, and Planned Parenthood is the nation’s leading provider and advocate of high-quality, affordable health care for women, men, and young people. Planned Parenthood is also the nation’s largest provider of sex education. ​ Underwood Archives / Getty Images Of course, the specific services and offerings provided by Planned Parenthood have changed a great deal over the years. Nevertheless, its basic purpose has remained the same. Today, the organization runs  56 independent local affiliates that operate more than 600 health centers throughout the U.S. Services are typically paid for by Medicaid or health insurance; some clients pay directly. How Much of Planned Parenthoods Resources Are Dedicated to Abortions? Although the name Planned Parenthood clearly states the primary objective of the organization- responsible family planning- it has been inaccurately portrayed by opponents such as Arizona Senator Jon Kyl who famously announced on the Senate floor on April 8, 2011, that providing abortions is well over 90 percent of what Planned Parenthood does. (Hours later, Kyles office made it clear the senators comment was not intended to be a factual statement.) The senators statement had its roots in misleading information provided by an organization called the SBA. According to the Washington Post, The  SBA List, which opposes abortion rights, arrives at its 94 percent figure by comparing abortions to two other categories of services that are provided to pregnant patients - or pregnancy services.†Ã‚  Unfortunately, this comparison is spurious. According to Planned Parenthood itself, of  10.6 million services provided in 2013, 327,653 of them (about 3% of total services) were abortion procedures. The other 97% includes testing and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, contraception, cancer screening and prevention, and pregnancy testing and prenatal services.   Non-Abortion Services Provided by Planned Parenthood Overall Planned Parenthood provides a huge range of health, reproductive, and counseling services for both men and women. Below is a breakdown of all patient care services. The majority of services provided relate to STD (sexually transmitted disease) testing and treatment, with another very large percentage dedicated to birth control. provided by Planned Parenthood affiliate health centers. Newer Service and Programs: Zika Education and PreventionTransgender and LGBT Healthcare ServicesHIV PreventionClinical ResearchOnline and Video CounselingMobile apps to support medical regimens  Planned Parenthood Generation Action college campus chapters  Mens Health Programs General Health Services: Anemia TestingCheckups for Sexual Health ProblemsCholesterol ScreeningColon Cancer ScreeningDiabetes ScreeningEmployment and Sports PhysicalsFlu VaccinationHigh Blood Pressure ScreeningRape Crisis Counseling ReferralsRoutine Physical ExamsSmoking CessationTetanus VaccinationThyroid ScreeningUTI Testing and Treatment Pregnancy Testing and Services: Pregnancy TestingAdoption ServicesAdoption ReferralsFertility Awareness Education  Pregnancy Planning ServicesPrenatal ServicesChildbirth ClassesPostpartum ExamsTrained Staff to Discuss Options If You Are PregnantTrained Staff to Talk with You About Miscarriage Birth Control: Birth Control ImplantBirth Control PatchBirth Control PillBirth Control ShotBirth Control SpongeBirth Control Vaginal RingCervical CapDiaphragmCondomFC2 Female CondomFertility Awareness Method (FAMs)IUD (hormonal, copper)SpermicideMens Sterilization (Vasectomy)Sterilization (Essure, Tubal Ligation) Emergency Contraception: Birth Control Pills as Emergency ContraceptionMorning-after Pill (Plan B and Similar Brands)Morning-after Pill (Ella)IUD (Copper)

Brand Building Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brand Building Strategies - Essay Example We will provide branded products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the world’s consumers, now and for generations to come. As a result, consumers will reward us with leadership sales, profit, and value creation, allowing our people, our shareholders, and the communities in which we live and work to prosper. Secondly, the marketing of a product can be conducted through signifying the product with the name of the company. Extending the benefit of the overall brand is known as a hybrid brand. Kotler and Pfoertsch (2010) observe that certain products of a company can be marketed simply by relating their identity to the holistic company brand. The products of a company can also be marketed by incorporating them under the company or master brand name, which is known as an umbrella brand or family brand. To this end, Phillips, Doole, and Lowe (1994) observe that firms such as Heinz, Kellogg’s, and Cadbury market their products under their company name or family name1. For example, Heinz ketchup’s and sauces: Classico, Heinz Ketchup, and Heinz Salad Cream; meals and snacks: Bagel Bites, T.G.I. Fridays Mozzarella Sticks, and Ore-Ida Potato; infant/nutrition: Heinz Nurture Infant formulas, Plasmon Infant Food, and Wattie’s Gravy. Kellogg’s, with its 490 products, shows how one company can expand through the creation of specific product attributes, from Kellogg’s Rice Krispies Treat to MorningStar Farms Meal Starters. Finally, Cadbury is known for its love of chocolate, which is varied in products such as Cadbury Dairy Milk Chocolate Bars, Cadbury Mini Rolls Cakes, Cadbury Digestive Biscuits, Cadbury Drinking Chocolate Drinks, Cadbury Dream Sticks Ice Cream, and dessert boxes that are filled with chocolate treats. On the other hand, a distinct brand is based on differentiation from the clutter of lookalike products that are on the market. Several measures can ensure that a

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 32

History - Essay Example Yet, new inventions and technological up-gradations are important. Neil Postman has identified a framework that has five factors that he thought is essential for any technological development. The experts feel that the frame work holds good for almost all of the technologies. The five factors are as follows: As the new technology comes in, it has certain advantages and disadvantages associated with it. But those advantages and dis-advantages are never distributed equally among the population and always there are certain gainers and some losers when a new technology is introduced. Western America had been famous for mines. It was in 1848, when James Marshall found gold at a ranch in Northern California. Soon, whole lot of Americans gathered in the region in search of luck through minerals. Some mined for gold while others for silver and other precious minerals. But the technology of mining changed soon. The crude wooden sluices that were used previously were replaced by hydraulic mining that used water jets to break the earth. Such a change impacted greatly over the economy and the society which can be co-related with the Neil Postman’s framework of new technology. As the first principle goes, the new technology called for huge investments and many of the small miners could not bear the cost and they lost the mines to big Western companies. The new technology was advantageous for the big established players and the companies as it called for huge investments. The entrepreneurs who dreamt of making it big through mines were definitely in the disadvantageous positions. The message (third principle) that came with the new technology was that more power was bestowed in the hands of the powerful and the rich with sound infrastructure only could take advantage of it. Though Postman says that the power should not be left to the few, in his fourth principle, most unfortunately same happened. It was only the big companies

Vodafone Marketing Analysis

Vodafone Marketing Analysis Marketing, as a discipline, has travelled a long distance in the last four decades. It is a trade of linking the producers of goods with the existing and potential customers. The changes in the consumer behavior, market place, channels of distribution, the merchandizing, display and almost anything have been tremendous in the past few decades. The demand for more sophisticated products has come out almost in every field. Products have today very close similarities. The research has created nearly the same kind of services and customer aids. Today marketers are faced with tough decisions. One wrong decision or delayed decision can completely put business back and give competitors edge over the market place, which in itself is a tough situation to face. Marketing deals with two things 1st identifying human and social needs and 2ndly fulfill them; we can say its Meeting needs profitably (Philip Kotler, 2008) Marketing deals with four things Right product, at right place, at right time and at right price. (Adcock, 2004) Marketing task is to manage demand, just as production and logistics professional are responsible for supply management. For management of demand, Marketing involves comprehensive understanding of product ( goods and services), experiences, events, the consumers, the places, information, Ideas, properties and even its own organization to be able to answer what is right, for whom, where, when and how? .(Adcock,2004) Strategy: Strategy is long term planning to achieve the goal and objectives of any organisation by utilization the different resources in the different environment to fulfil the market need and stakeholder satisfaction. Vodafones strategy: Vodafones strategy is that to give satisfaction to the customer by the utilization of advanced technology and product led to the its purpose the company is continually developing new products. Marketing strategy: Marketing strategy plays a vital role in the development of corporate strategy which has directly concerned to fulfil customers demand and wants and efficiently meeting their requirements. Marketing strategy is also help full in the development of business. Vodafones marketing strategy: Vodafones marketing objective in the UK is to keep market leadership on revenue per customer, network quality and customer satisfaction. Vodafones strategy is customer focused and product led for this purpose the company is continually developing new products and services which utilize the advance technologies. For example, young people think hard about which mobile phone to buy for this purpose they go wide range search for only best services with best value of money. It is very difficult to sell them. In order to keep market leadership, Vodafone has established a set of marketing objectives. Keep the existing customers. Increase infiltration of new data service (i.e. Vodafone live!) Introduce new technologies and best services (e.g. Vodafone live! and mobile internet) Continue to expand the Vodafone brand Attain new customers. Vodafone is achieving these objectives by continually updating the variety of phones and services offered to keep ahead of its competitors. Also, Vodafones distinctive How are you? live! advertising is helping to improve the brand image and saliency to all mobile users. Vodafones at micro and macro level: Vodafone is the one of the leader in the international mobile communication market with over 200 million customers all over the worldwide 25 different countries. To fulfil the requirements of the stakeholders, Vodafones invents brands and products by using the different technologies in the tough competition of the modern market. In 2005, in Kenya, Vodafones did partnership with the safaricom which is the local telecommunication of the Kenya. Vodafone also did partnership with the UK Department of international development and commercial bank of Africa by providing local banking service. In start Vodafone feels that it is not about the new technology, it was about the new application of existing technology. At the first task, Vodafone won  £1m from the financial deepening challenging fund. There are different services available to M-PESA like making loan repayments, making payments from authorised agent and also cash withdrawal as well. Growth of telecommunication brings positive benefit for wider economy development. It increases efficiency of trade at micro level, specifically in the rural areas. More stable economy is helpful to bring benefits for long term business of Vodafone. Methods of marketing research: Quantitative marketing research: Quantitative method usually based on sampling. That sample data is estimated level of accuracy, population or universe which they are drawn. It is classified in the three groups: Market measurements Customer files or segmentation Attitudinal data Qualitative market research: Qualitative market research is classified in the following group: Observation Focus group Depth interviewing Projective interviewing techniques Customer complaints departments: For the effective marketing strategy organization has to give focus on the complaints departments which are more helpful to improve the business. Through this organization also came to know either we are following the right marketing strategy. Customer hotline: Customer hotlines means through using the internet and telephone. On the organisation specific website customer can give feedback, do complaints and many other option are there. This also a best way to know about the condition of the effective marketing strategy. SWOT analysis of Vodafone: Swot analysis shows about the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. through this analysis company came to know about the condition of company. Company can cover their threats by using the opportunities and also threats. (S)trengths: Vodafone have strong diversification according to the location. It is well known organisation in the middle east, Europe, Africa and many other countries as well. this is strong telecommunication company which has cross the boundaries. Vodafone has well developed networking system which construed by modern technology. Vodafone is also emerging in different countries like. (W)eakness: Vodafone have very low return on the assets which includes BT group. AAT group and many other assets as well. In the US business cannot run properly like this. This is not strong enough. More than 80 percent of the business is running in the Europe. There is also weakness that there is no network coverage in the rural areas. (O)pportunities: Vodafone have opportunities of cost reduction scheme. Vodafone is trying to get return on the assets. Vodafone is the largest revenue company in the Europe. Vodafone has opportunities to use new modern technology. There is also development in the research and development method as well. Vodafone have also chance of reasonable tariff service with the iPhones. Vodafone have also best any time service for the customer. (T)hreats: Vodafone have highly marking competition in the market. Vodafone have many competitors in the market which is the great threat for Vodafone. In Europe, There is competition of prices as well. There is high rate of penetration of prices in the market. PORTFOLIO is the Collection of Products, Services, or Brands that are offered for sale by a company. PORTFOLIO MODEL  means a companys strategy for allocating different organization resources between various units of business. Product portfolio is the best example of portfolio model. In building up a product portfolio model a company can use different analytical methods and techniques including. B.C.G. Boston Consulting Group-Analysis Contribution Margin Analysis GE General Electric. Multi Factorial Analysis B.C.G. Analysis is a 1st method used in Brand marketing, Product management and Strategic management to help a company decide what products to add to its product portfolio. Products rating includes in it according to their relative Market Share and Market Growth rate. The products are then planed on a two dimensional map. Cash cows: Cash cows are market leader which shows that high market growth and high market shares. They get more return on the assets. They help to cover administrative cost, funds, corporate debts and also many other things as well. Starts: Star has high growth of market shares and high generation of cash. They are directly related to the market. if stars maintain their reputation means keep maintain their situation then they can turn into the cash cows. Dogs: Dog includes low market share and low market growth. They cannot generate cash and cannot consume cash. Dogs dont have enough potential to generate any cash. Question marks: Question marks include low market share so they consume low cash. A question mark is known as problem child. If a question mark does not successful to become a leader then it will turn into the cash cow. BCG matrix shows Vodafone condition in the market either it falls in the cash cows, dogs, stars or in question mark. Vodafone have market shares but it have aloe of competitors in the market. BCG Matrix BCG Matrix with Cash Flows G.E. Multi Factorial Analysis is 2nd method or technique used in brand marketing and product management to help an organization what types of product(s) to add to its product portfolio. One dimension includes nine industry attractiveness measures and other comprises includes twelve internal business strength measures. Contribution Margin Analysis is a 3rd method or technique used in brand marketing and product management to help an organization what types of product(s) to add to its product portfolio. Calculations includes additional revenues, additional costs, effects on other products in the portfolio (referred to as cannibalization), and competitors reactions. Marketing Strategic alternatives: Vodafone is one of famous organization and big telecommunication company in the UK. There are three major group to which Vodafone provide the services that are private individual, small and large business and the organization. Vodafones strategy is to become a leader in the market. Vodafone take care of the customers needs, demand and want. Customer demands new up to date products and seek added value new packages with the modern technology. Marketing mix: A long term planning is helpful to make effective strategy which will take towards the successful marketing strategy. Marketing mix includes four Ps. Product Price Place Promotion Product: a product provide different facilities like to chat with others, play games, exchange ring tomes, sending and receiving pictures, capturing pictures and making video call, send up to date news about weather and news as well and there are many other services as well. Vodafone give live information the every move and up to date service as well. Price: Vodafone wants to extend their business as much as they can to the youngsters, mature persons, executives, professional people and to also to the senior citizen. Vodafones have different price package which is suitable to the every age group of customers and these different packages are added value which fulfill the requirement of the customers. Vodafone is offering monthly price plan package and also pay as you go package. Vodafone has provided online top up facility as well. Vodafone also giving NECTER benefiting by using the text messages, sending picture and many other things as well. Place: There are more than three hundred stores in the UK which is beneficial for the customer for the easy accessibility. Vodafone also sell their mobile phones and also independent to the other retailers like car phone ware house. Customer can come to the stores and check out their favorite mobiles and deals which is reasonable for them. Due to easy accessibility, customers are able to see and handle the products as they are purchasing the different products. In the different stores, there are well experienced customer service representatives are required which explained each and every thing to the customers and also give information about the coming new mobiles and the new packages. Through this way customer can be satisfy. Promotion: Vodafone have connection and communication with the famous icons like David Becham which increase its value. Best ways of promotions which is adopted by the Vodafone is adverting on TV, billboards, magazines, media out lets and also on the internet which has helped effectively and promoted Vodafone successfully. This is known as above the line promotion. Below the line promotion is to offer different package which do promotion of the company and also increase the annually sales of the company by using the attracting sales posters inside the stores to buy. In the marketing mix, promotions include Vodafones stores, staff and its different offer which increase its brand image. Vodafones also have good public relationship in the U.K by using the press release and up to dated articles and by using new source or media. Marketing mix of the Vodafone is the best way to explain about the different price offers which are reasonable foe every one. Promotion of the Vodafone Company gives shape a successful strategy. Different products of the Vodafone are reliable because of their quality and brands. Vodafone stores are located on those place which customers can access easily at the time of need. Climate change of Vodafone: At global level, there are different challenges from which climate change is one of them. Vodafone is also facing the climate change. Climate has great affect on the product and service. Vodafone has made a strategy to reduce the climate affect. There are three basic points of the strategy. One is minimizing the climate affect, Vodafone is delivery thy products to the consumers and businesses. Second is that Vodafone is trying to minimize the emission from the operations. Third is providing new technology to control the emission. What is change management? Change management is accept, control and manage the situation in the organisation and need to bring change in the organisation has effective management is called change management. Different analysis has to do to see the change and managed by well planned strategy. If any organisation has needed to do change then different valid models are made for effective management of change. Some proactive techniques are used to bring and adjust the change in the external and internal performance of the organisation. There is making some effective strategy to plan step by step change. Change management also keep in eye current and modern issues which can affect the change process. There are some solid reasons when change is required. Change management should have up to date knowledge about the of situation surrounding issues. Change process: There are many reasons due to change is done. That reason can be internally and can be internally. Change process means journey of source of change to the adopting the change is change process. Why change has done? Which type of changes has done either it is cultural, organisational behaviour, organisation policies. These changes can be related to different department of organisation and every department is related to change process and change process is related to the organisation strategies. Marketing environment and implementations: For the marketing environment of the Vodafone firstly there should be PESTEL analysis of the Vodafone which will about the environment of the company. At politically level, Vodafone has support and also developed in marketing level as well. At the economical level, Vodafone has extended its business. That has positive effect on the economical level. It has reasonable packages for calls, texts and internet as well. At the social level, Vodafone have positive response from the people and stakeholder. It saves the time and also it has cover the distance between the people and places. Vodafone have partnership with different companies and have new technology system for the development of network system. Vodafone has legal rights as well. Vodafone is working according to the legal rules and regulations. After the PESTEL analysis, we can examine marketing environment of the Vodafone. There is positive response from the stakeholder but Vodafone did many changes in the strategy of the marketing. For the changing, there is a process and some point which is kept in mind. For changing in the strategy of marking, there will keep on eye on the financial condition of the Vodafone, response of the staff because some time they show negative response and not happy with the changes, there is also some staff issues as well like it become difficult to adjust with the new marketing system, Vodafone also has to do media analysis which new source of media is going on and customers can be attract to the which source or media that can be a TV advertisement, magazine outlets and many other sources as well. After analysis all these points, we can plan a marketing strategy which will be helpful in the development of business and also in extension as well. Vodafone is well known telecommunication company in the worldwide. so, planning the and implementation of the strategy should be careful and keep in mind all the aspects as well. Conclusion: Vodafone is the successful telecommunication company which has developed networking system. In every company, have different department and have different responsibility. Vodafone also have different department from which marketing is one of them. Marketing is the main department of any organization. There is properly a strategy is constructed. Before doing anything there is need of making strategy. So there is also specific strategy of Vodafone as well which explains about the customer care and reasonable prices to customer as well. There is also examine of Vodafone at micro and macro level which explains about the importance if Vodafone at global and local. Next section is about the SWOT analysis of the Vodafone which explains about the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the Vodafone. SWOT analysis is the best way to know about internal condition of any organization. After that, there is Boston Consultancy Group Matrix which explains about the Vodafones market growth rate and market share rate. Marketing mix is the important part of the marketing strategy which includes 4 ps which are price, product, promotion and place. Marketing mix is the best way to know about the competitors and where company is standing. It also helps to be market leaders. Vodafone has climate affect on the company. For controlling this Vodafone is taking help of new technology. At the end , Vodafone is successful organization in the world.

Mango Street Essay Essay

Throughout history, women have been seen as inferior to men. In the novel, The House On Mango Street, the main character, Esperanza sees many examples of women who are treated lower by their husbands. These women are imprisoned in their own homes on Mango Street. The author, Sandra Cisneros uses the motif of Imprisoned Females to show that women have been seen as inferior to men. There were many chapters in the novel in which women were seen as inferior to men. On page 79 in the novel, Rafael gets locked indoors because her husband is afraid Rafaela will run away since she is too beautiful to look at. Rafael is just one of the many victims of Imprisoned Females on Mango Street. She is scared to leave because she thinks her husband will do something, he doesn’t want other man to take her away from him. Esperazana could also been considered a â€Å"Imprisoned Female. All she wants to do is live in a house she can call her own and be free but she is stuck on Mango Street where she meets all these other women who are stuck like her and she thinks she will never get out. Men treat women like they are nothing. Why? Because they are scared. Scared that women will leave them for someone better. Scared that women will tell someone of all the awful things they have done to them. Scared that women will finally tell the truth.